Chapter 3 Sport Ops

Mimetic Isomorphism

organizations may imitate other organizations in their quest for legitimacy and support from their environments; also, when an organization is not certain about its actions and its future, it is likely to imitate others to reduce uncertainty

Product outputs

may be goods, as in sporting goods produced by a manufacturing firm, and/or services; should be acceptable to the environment

Coercive Isomorphism

occurs when external political and social influences direct organizations to behave in similar ways

Stakeholder

persons or groups that have or claim ownership, rights, or interests in a corporation and its activities, past, present, or future

Outputs

product outputs and maintenance outputs

Self-Regulation

reaction to fluctuations and disturbances in their environment; may consist of changes in personnel, organizational structure, or internal processes

Equifinality

refers to the idea that two systems that initially start from different positions can end up at the same final position

Urgency

refers to the speed with which a claim by a stakeholder group should be attended to

Closed System

relatively impervious to the environment

3 Stakeholder Distinguishing Factors

-Power -Legitimacy -Urgency

Secondary Stakeholder

groups that do not directly interact with the focal organization but that can affect or be affected by it

Demand-side Stakeholders

include all those who consume the products of an organization

Primary Stakeholder

is one without whose continuing participation the corporation cannot survive as a going concern

Institutional Theory

just as individuals try to respond to significant others and behave in ways that are consistent with the orientations and expectations of significant others, organizations also seek legitimacy or approval from their respective environments; every organization is influenced by the institution of similar organizations and by its social system

Normative Isomorphism

all organizations behave similarly because of the value and belief systems of decision makers; it is likely that the decision makers or managers have been trained and educated in institutions advocating similar business strategies and tactics

Competition

all other individuals or organizations that produce the same type of services and goods and compete for the same customers or clients, such as other professional sports franchises, golf courses, and fitness clubs in the vicinity

Supplier

all the individuals and organizations that supply the equipment and other needed resources for the professional sports teams, golf course, or fitness club

Throughputs

all the processes instituted by the organization to convert or transform the inputs/resources into desirable outputs such as goods or services; the processes of planning, organizing, leading, and evaluating theses processes form part of the throughput

Supply-side Stakeholders

all those individuals, groups, or organizations that facilitate the production and distribution of the focal organization's products

System Boundaries

are arbitrarily set to suit specific purposes , and anything and everything outside the selected boundaries is considered the focal system's environment

Labor

availability of suitable employees, their demands, and their general attitude toward the professional sports club, golf course, or fitness club under consideration

Legitimacy

based on contractual or legal obligations, as well as moral interests in the harms an benefits that an organization creates

Resource Dependence Theory

because the organization depends on other entities in the environment for its resources (land, labor, capital, information), those entities gain power over the focal organization; the organization is dependent on other entities in its environment for its resources

Task/Operating (Proximal) Environment

customer, competition, labor, supplier

General (Distal) Environment

economic, social-demographics and characteristics-, political, legal, technological

Open System

relatively open to the influence of the environment in which it operates; organizations are open systems in that they influence and are influenced by the social, cultural, and economic conditions of the community in which they operate

Power

stakeholders may differ in the power they hold over the focal organization, which reflects their capacity to influence the organization

Multifinality

the idea that similar initial conditions can lead to different final states

Involuntary Stakeholders

the people are affected by whatever happens in the organizational context despite not having chosen the association

Voluntary Stakeholders

the people wanted to be a part of the organization and its proceeding

Maintenance outputs

the satisfaction of the employees and the ability of the organization and its members to cope with and adapt to external influences are critical to the maintenance of the organization, its growth, and its viability

External Environment

the set of forces and conditions that operate beyond an organization's boundaries but affect its ability to acquire and use resources to create value

Progressive Mechanization

the stipulation of a set of procedures and regulations for each subsystem regarding what to do and when and how it should be done.

Progressive Segregation

the tendency of an open system to determine what subsystems it will formally create, what subsystems it will use to process work, the nature of subsystem activity, and the priority of subsystem duties and obligations within the overall system perspective

Customer

those who buy the organization's goods and services, such as a spectator at a professional sporting event, players at a golf course, clients of an aerobics class, or students in a sport management program

Negative Entropy

when an open system, such as an organization, can prolong the length of their life and enhance their quality by constantly evolving and adapting to environmental conditions