Chapter 3 Sport Ops
Mimetic Isomorphism
organizations may imitate other organizations in their quest for legitimacy and support from their environments; also, when an organization is not certain about its actions and its future, it is likely to imitate others to reduce uncertainty
Product outputs
may be goods, as in sporting goods produced by a manufacturing firm, and/or services; should be acceptable to the environment
Coercive Isomorphism
occurs when external political and social influences direct organizations to behave in similar ways
Stakeholder
persons or groups that have or claim ownership, rights, or interests in a corporation and its activities, past, present, or future
Outputs
product outputs and maintenance outputs
Self-Regulation
reaction to fluctuations and disturbances in their environment; may consist of changes in personnel, organizational structure, or internal processes
Equifinality
refers to the idea that two systems that initially start from different positions can end up at the same final position
Urgency
refers to the speed with which a claim by a stakeholder group should be attended to
Closed System
relatively impervious to the environment
3 Stakeholder Distinguishing Factors
-Power -Legitimacy -Urgency
Secondary Stakeholder
groups that do not directly interact with the focal organization but that can affect or be affected by it
Demand-side Stakeholders
include all those who consume the products of an organization
Primary Stakeholder
is one without whose continuing participation the corporation cannot survive as a going concern
Institutional Theory
just as individuals try to respond to significant others and behave in ways that are consistent with the orientations and expectations of significant others, organizations also seek legitimacy or approval from their respective environments; every organization is influenced by the institution of similar organizations and by its social system
Normative Isomorphism
all organizations behave similarly because of the value and belief systems of decision makers; it is likely that the decision makers or managers have been trained and educated in institutions advocating similar business strategies and tactics
Competition
all other individuals or organizations that produce the same type of services and goods and compete for the same customers or clients, such as other professional sports franchises, golf courses, and fitness clubs in the vicinity
Supplier
all the individuals and organizations that supply the equipment and other needed resources for the professional sports teams, golf course, or fitness club
Throughputs
all the processes instituted by the organization to convert or transform the inputs/resources into desirable outputs such as goods or services; the processes of planning, organizing, leading, and evaluating theses processes form part of the throughput
Supply-side Stakeholders
all those individuals, groups, or organizations that facilitate the production and distribution of the focal organization's products
System Boundaries
are arbitrarily set to suit specific purposes , and anything and everything outside the selected boundaries is considered the focal system's environment
Labor
availability of suitable employees, their demands, and their general attitude toward the professional sports club, golf course, or fitness club under consideration
Legitimacy
based on contractual or legal obligations, as well as moral interests in the harms an benefits that an organization creates
Resource Dependence Theory
because the organization depends on other entities in the environment for its resources (land, labor, capital, information), those entities gain power over the focal organization; the organization is dependent on other entities in its environment for its resources
Task/Operating (Proximal) Environment
customer, competition, labor, supplier
General (Distal) Environment
economic, social-demographics and characteristics-, political, legal, technological
Open System
relatively open to the influence of the environment in which it operates; organizations are open systems in that they influence and are influenced by the social, cultural, and economic conditions of the community in which they operate
Power
stakeholders may differ in the power they hold over the focal organization, which reflects their capacity to influence the organization
Multifinality
the idea that similar initial conditions can lead to different final states
Involuntary Stakeholders
the people are affected by whatever happens in the organizational context despite not having chosen the association
Voluntary Stakeholders
the people wanted to be a part of the organization and its proceeding
Maintenance outputs
the satisfaction of the employees and the ability of the organization and its members to cope with and adapt to external influences are critical to the maintenance of the organization, its growth, and its viability
External Environment
the set of forces and conditions that operate beyond an organization's boundaries but affect its ability to acquire and use resources to create value
Progressive Mechanization
the stipulation of a set of procedures and regulations for each subsystem regarding what to do and when and how it should be done.
Progressive Segregation
the tendency of an open system to determine what subsystems it will formally create, what subsystems it will use to process work, the nature of subsystem activity, and the priority of subsystem duties and obligations within the overall system perspective
Customer
those who buy the organization's goods and services, such as a spectator at a professional sporting event, players at a golf course, clients of an aerobics class, or students in a sport management program
Negative Entropy
when an open system, such as an organization, can prolong the length of their life and enhance their quality by constantly evolving and adapting to environmental conditions