Chapter 3: Stress
Psychological hardiness
A cluster of traits that buffer stress and are characterized by commitment, challenge, and control
biofeedback training (BFT)
A means of training people to gain some degree of control over internal bodily responses through the use of physiological monitoring equipment that provides feedback (information) about changes in these responses.
Self-efficiency expectations
Beliefs to the effect that one can handle a task
acupuncture
Chinese medical practice of inserting needles into certain areas of the body
life changes
Major changes in life circumstances, such as getting married, starting (or losing) a job, or losing a loved one.
Type B
Relaxed and focused more on quality of life
Stress
An event that exerts physical and psychological stress on a person. Also can be a demand made on an organism to adjust.
Neurotransmitters
Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another
avoidance-avoidance conflict
Conflict involving two negative goals, with avoidance of one requiring approach of the other.
multiple approach-avoidance conflict
Conflict involving two or more goals, each of which has positive and negative aspects.
Psychological symptoms of stress
Depressed, anxiety, anger, lack of motivation or energy
Keeping stress at manageable levels
Dont bite off more than you can chew. reduce daily hassles. Develop time-management skills.
Ten doorways to distress
Ellis believed that our beliefs about events can be stressors that challenge our ability to adjust. There being ten (10) beliefs. Table 3.3 on page 98
Social support sources
Emotional concern, such as by listening to people's problems and expressing feelings of sympathy, caring, understanding, and reassurance. Instrumental aid, such as material support and services that facilitate adaptive behavior. For example, after a disaster a government may arrange for low-interest loans so that survivors can rebuild. Relief organizations may provide food, medicines, and temporary living quarters. Information, such as guidance and advice that enhances people's ability to cope. Appraisal, such as feedback from others about how one is doing. This kind of support involves helping people interpret, or "make sense of," what has happened to them. Socializing, such as through simple conversation, recreation, even going shopping with another person. Socializing has beneficial effects, even when it is not oriented specifically toward solving problems.
Students reasoning for seeking counseling stats
Stress, Anxiety, nervous- 51% Romantic relations-47% Low self-esteem/confidence-42% Depression-41% Family relations-37% Academic problams-29% Transition to career world-25% Lonley-25% Financial problems-24%
Locus of control
The place to which individual attributes control over the receiving of reinforcers
Type A behavior pattern
a pattern of stress-producing behavior characterized by aggressiveness, perfectionism, unwillingness to relinquish control, and a sense of time urgency
Hypnosis
an altered state of consciousness characterized by narrowed attention and increased suggestibility
approach-avoidance conflict
conflict involving a goal with positive and negative features
approach-approach conflict
conflict involving two positive but mutually exclusive goals
Defensive coping
coping that involves unconscious strategies that distort or deny the true nature of a situation. withdrawal from social life. Denial of stresser. substance use and aggression.
acculturative stress
feelings of tension and anxiety caused by the inability to adapt in the new country
Physical symptoms of stress
muscle tension, headache, upset stomach, change in appetite, grinding teeth, change in sex drive, tight chest, dizzy, change in menstrual cycle, erectile dysfunction
Endorphins
neurotransmitters that comprise chains of amino acids and are functionally similar to morphine
analgesic
painkiller
Daily hassles
routine sources of annoyance or aggravation that have a negative impact on health
Prostaglandins
substances derived from a fatty acid that act as hormones at the local level
meditation
the focusing of attention to clear one's mind and produce relaxation
Uplifts
the term used by Lazarus et al. for regularly occurring enjoyable experiences.
frustration
the thwarting of a desire to obtain a goal
