Chapter 3 - Tissues

Function of lateral surface?

Contain structures that keep adjacent cells together

Avascular

without blood vessels

Collagen fibers can resist __________ but are _____

pulling/stretching flexible

What does suffix -cyte mean?

cells that monitor and maintain tissue not as much capacity for cell division or produce as much extracellular matrix as blasts

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

cilia - sweep away foreign particles goblet cells - mucus traps foreign particles lines most of the upper respiratory tract

What do fibroblasts produce?

collagen

Collagen and reticular fibers made of

collagen from fibroblasts

What proteins make up reticular lamina and from where is it secreted?

collagen secreted by fibroblasts in connective tissue under it

Elastic fibers are surrounded by the glycoprotein

fibrillin

Where epithelial tissue is found

covers body surfaces lines hollow organs lines body cavities/ducts forms glands

Where does the surface epithelium arrange?

covers/lines surfaces

Function of microfilia

increase surface area for absorption

What proteins make up basal lamina and from where is it secreted?

laminin and collagen; secreted by epithelial cells

Exocrine gland secretions

secretory products such as sweat oil earwax saliva mucus digestive enzymes MESEOS Mucus Enzymes Sweat Earwax Oil Saliva

Multicellular exocrine glands types

simple vs compound tubular vs acinar vs tubuloacinar

ciliated simple columnar epithelium

single layer of ciliated rectangular cells Eliminate foreign particles -> locomotion from cilia few portions of the upper respiratory tract, where it moves foreign particles trapped in mucus out of the respiratory tract.

nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

single, column shaped layer microvilli (finger shapes for surface area=absorption) goblet cells = secretion of mucus secretion & absorption lines most of the gastrointestinal tract

simple cuboidal epithelium

single, cube shaped layer secretion and absorption covers ovaries, in the kidneys and eyes, and lining some glandular ducts.

Functions of basement membrane

-Anchors epithelium to connective tissue -surface for epithelial cell migration to grow and heal -restrict passage of larger molecules -participates of kidney blood filtration

General features of epithelial tissue

-Avascular -cellularity into sheets/layers by cell junctions -cells have 2 lateral surfaces (one on each side) -apical surfaces (free/not attached to anything) -basal surface -regeneration -> cell division bc contains stem cells -polarity (uneven distribution of organelles inside cell)

Where does surface epithelium form?

-Outer covering of skin + some internal organs -inner lining of blood vessels, ducts, + body cavities -interior of respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems (RRUD)

functions of connective tissue

-binds together, supports, and strengthens other body tissues. -protects and insulates internal organs. -compartmentalizes structures such as skeletal muscles. -Blood, a fluid connective tissue, serves as the major transport system within the body. - Adipose (fat) tissue is the primary location of stored energy reserves. - main source of immune responses.

Adherens Junctions Functions

-connect adjacent cells together -adhesion belt help resist separation of epithelial tissue during contractile activites

Tight Junctions Functions

-protect underlying tissue from harmful substances by restricting movement in spaces between cells -prevent transport of contents of organs such as intestines, urinary, bladder, and stomach into blood or surrounding tissues

Connective tissue function

-protects/supports body organs -binds organs -stores energy reserves as fat -helps provide body w immunity to disease causes organisms

What special ability to elastic fibers have?

150% elasticity from original shape and can return to original shape

What is the different between desmosomes and adherens junctions?

Adherens have microfilaments it attaches to and desmosomes have intermediate filaments

label surface epithelial cells

A: apical surface B: lateral surface C: basal lamina (under is reticular lamina) D: basement membrane E: connective tissue

Where do plasma cells develop from?

B lymphocytes

Layers of basement membrane (superficial to deep)

Basal lamina reticular lamina

What are the three types of mature connective tissue?

CSL Connective tissue proper supporting connective tissue liquid connective tissue

Where are gap junctions located?

Cardiac and smooth muscle tissue + nervous system

Where can tight junctions be found?

Cells of epithelial tissue that line the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder

What is the only cell shape for pseudostratified?

Columnar

Which cell junctions have Cadherins as transmembrane glycoproteins?

Desmosomes and adherens junctions

How to epithelial tissue get nutrients if it does not have blood vessels?

Diffusion by blood vessels in connective tissue

What are the two types of connective tissues?

Embryonic and mature

Main differences between epithelial and connective tissue

Epithelial tissue is avascular and has cellularity + Arranged into sheets/layers Connective tissue is vascular (blood vessels) and cells are scattered

What are the two main components of connective tissue?

Extracellular matrix + cells

What is the open communication channel of cell junctions?

Gap junctions

Functional classification of Exocrine glands

HAM holocrine apocrine merocrine

Tissue Consistency Categories

Hard Semi solid liquid

Endocrine gland secretions

Hormones

What is the function of hormones secreted by endocrine glands?

Hormones regulate metabolic and physiological activities to maintain homeostasis

Gap Junction Function

Ions and small molecules pass through connexons to other cells allow impulses to travel through cells fast

Which of the cells in connective tissue are white blood cells?

MEN Macrophages Eosinophils Neutrophils

what are the cells in connective tissue involved with Immune response?

MMAP FEN Macrophages Mast cells Adipose cells Plasma Cells Fibroblasts Eosinophils Neutrophils

Where do cells in connective tissue originate from?

Mesenchymal cells

Nervous Tissue Types

Neuron + glial

Where are endocrine glands located?

PAT Pituitary adrenal thyroid

Where are both exocrine and endocrine glands located?

POT pancreas ovaries testes

Types of fibers in connective tissue

REC reticular elastic collagen

Thinnest fiber in connective tissue?

Reticular

What fiber helps form basement membrane?

Reticular

Where are exocrine glands located?

Salivary glands (ducts carry saliva to the oral cavity) sweat glands (ducts carry sweat to the skin surface) gastric glands (ducts carry gastric juice to the cavity of the stomach) pancreas (Carries enzymes to the intestines)

Surface Epithelium Arrangement of LAYERS

Simple Pseudo-stratified (false stratified) Stratified

What are the four simple epithelial cell types?

Simple squamous Simple cuboidal Simple columnar (ciliated or non-ciliated)

Muscular Tissue Function

Specialized cells help w contraction and generation of force -> movement in body + heat

Surface Epithelium Cell Shape

Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Transitional

Mesenchymal cells

Stem cells that respond to injury or infection Differentiate into fibroblasts, macrophages, etc.

What are hemidesmosomes and parts?

These are "half desmosomes" with intermediate filaments, transmembrane proteins called integrin that connect to basal layer and plaque

What are the three junctions that connect adjacent cells?

Tight junctions, adherens juctions, and desmosomes

integrins

Transmembrane glycoproteins that anchor cell to basement membrane in hemidesmosome

Cadherins

Transmembrane glycoproteins that join adjacent cells in adherens junctions and desmosomes

stratified transitional epithelium

able to stretch depending on contraction relaxed: filled and round contracted: flat It lines the urinary bladder

Typical functions of simple epithelial cell types?

absorption/secretion/filtration

Hemodesmosome functions

anchor to the basal layer of cells of the epidermis (protein called laminin)

What do plasma cells secrete?

antibodies

What does suffix -blast mean?

cell class that means bud or sprout produce extracellular matrix

Cellularity

cells have little or no space between them

What are tight junctions?

consist of weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse together the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes to seal off passageways between adjacent cells

What are cell junctions?

contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells.

Nervous Tissue Function

detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds by generating elec- trical signals called nerve action potentials (nerve impulses) that activate muscular contractions and glandular secretions

Elastic fibers are made of

elastin from fibroblasts

Which type of connective tissue is before birth?

embryonic

Two types of glandular epithelium

endocrine glands and exocrine glands

Differences between endocrine and exocrine glands

endocrine travel far/general effects exocrine do not travel far/local effects endocrine do not use ducts, diffuse directly into bloodstream exocrine uses ducts and onto epithelial lining endocrine hormones exocrine everything else

How are hormones secreted by endocrine glands?

enter interstitia lfluid and then diffuse directly into blood stream without duct

Where are desmosomes found?

epithelial and muscle tissue

Four Major Families of Tissues

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

What is the function of the apical surface?

face outside/external environment or other organs/body cavities contain specialized structures such as cilia or microfilia

Characteristics of connective tissue proper

flexible viscous ground substance w abundant tissue

Where does the glandular epithelium arrange?

forms secreting portion of glands

What is the gap junction and parts?

gaps between adjacent cells formed by connexons

Simple vs Compound exocrine gland types

has to do with DUCTS simple = unbranched compound = branched

Which cell junction is an anchoring junction?

hemidesmosome

Which cell junction have Integrins as transmembrane glycoproteins?

hemidesmosomes

What is the purpose of ground substance in extracellular matrix?

hold cells in place store water medium for exchange active role in tissue development, migrate, proliferate, change shape, metabolic functions

Lumen definition

inside of organ/cavity

Characteristics of liquid connective tissue

liquid extracellular matrix blood and lymph

Function of cilia

locomotion

Apocrine glands

mammary gland exocrine glands that secrete into 1. synthesized into endoplasmic reticulum 2. packaged by golgi complex 3. secretory vesicles get trapped in apical part and cytoplasm pinched off

Connexins to Connexons

membrane proteins called connexins form tiny fluid-filled tunnels called connexons that connect neighboring cells

What are the two types of embryonic connective tissue?

mesenchymal (embryo) and mucous (fetus)

stratified columnar epithelium

multiple layers of column shaped cells (shorter and irregular closer to basal layer also rarish protection and secretion found in a portion of the male urethra and large excretory ducts of some glands

stratified cuboidal epithelium

multiple layers of cube shaped cells rare/specialized protection + limited secretion and absorption found in adult sweat glands and a portion of the male urethra

stratified squamous epithelium

multiple layers of flat cells (cuboidal towards basement membrane) protection keratinized: epidermis nonkeratinized wet surfaces: lines the mouth, esophagus, epiglottis, pharynx, vagina, tongue

non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

no cilia or goblet cells absorption and secretion lines ducts of many glands, the epididymis, and part of the male urethra

What are the two pseudo-stratified epithelial cell types?

non-ciliated and ciliated columnar

which are the 3 epithelial cell types that have goblet cells?

nonciliated simple columnar epithelium ciliated simple columnar epithelium ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Basal Surface

opposite to apical + anchors epithelium to basement membrane thru hemidesmosomes

merocrine (eccrine) glands

pancreas/salivary gland exocrine glands that secrete into 1. synthesized into endoplasmic reticulum 2. packaged by golgi complex 3. released thru exocytosis simple/no damage to cells

Vascular

pertaining to blood vessels

What is the function of desmosomes and the intermediate filaments?

prevent epidermal (skin) cells from separating under tension and cardiac muscle cells (heart) from pulling apart during contraction. filaments provide tissue stability

Characteristics of supporting connective tissue

protect and support soft tissue cartilage and bone

Function of epithelial tissue

protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration

What is the extracellular matrix made of?

protein fibers and ground substance

How are secretory products secreted by exocrine glands?

released into ducts to empty onto surface of lining epithelium

white blood cells (leukocytes)

respond to injury or infection

holocrine glands

sebaceous / oil glands / skin secretory product is accumulated in cytosol and then released when mature and then replaced by stem cells

what do goblet cells do?

secrete mucus

Where does glandular epithelium form?

secreting portion of glands -thyroid -adrenal -sweat -digestion (DATS)

Typical functions of pseudo-stratified columnar epithelial cell types?

secretion/absorption

simple squamous epithelium

single, flat layer filtration/diffusion/secretion endothelium: lines the heart and blood vessels. mesothelium: forms the serous membranes that line the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and cover the organs within them.

What is the only arrangement for transitional shaped ?

stratified

Main function of fibers in connective tissue

strengthen and support

What are the two epithelial tissue types?

surface and glandular

Epithelial tissue is always found where and what is under it?

surface layers + not covered by another tissue + connective tissue under it

What do cilia do on top of epithelial cells?

sweep away foregin particles/help in elimination

What is the security guard of the cell junctions?

tight junctions

Cell Junction Types

tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions, adherens junctions, hemidesmosomes

What is keratin?

tough fibrous protein to protect skin from heat, microbes, chemicals

What are Adherens Junctions and parts?

transmembrane proteins anchor to a dense plaque of proteins inside cells to connect adjacent cell membranes together has microfillaments + adhesion belt

What are desmosome and parts?

transmembrane proteins attach to intracellular plaque to form bridge bw adjacent cells intermediate filaments

tubular vs acinar vs tubuloacinar Multicellular exocrine glands types

tubular -> forms tube and can be branched/coiled acinar -> round and can be branches tubuloacinar -> tube and round and can be branched

Exocrine glands can be

unicellular or multicellular