Chapter 3 - Tissues
Function of lateral surface?
Contain structures that keep adjacent cells together
Avascular
without blood vessels
Collagen fibers can resist __________ but are _____
pulling/stretching flexible
What does suffix -cyte mean?
cells that monitor and maintain tissue not as much capacity for cell division or produce as much extracellular matrix as blasts
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
cilia - sweep away foreign particles goblet cells - mucus traps foreign particles lines most of the upper respiratory tract
What do fibroblasts produce?
collagen
Collagen and reticular fibers made of
collagen from fibroblasts
What proteins make up reticular lamina and from where is it secreted?
collagen secreted by fibroblasts in connective tissue under it
Elastic fibers are surrounded by the glycoprotein
fibrillin
Where epithelial tissue is found
covers body surfaces lines hollow organs lines body cavities/ducts forms glands
Where does the surface epithelium arrange?
covers/lines surfaces
Function of microfilia
increase surface area for absorption
What proteins make up basal lamina and from where is it secreted?
laminin and collagen; secreted by epithelial cells
Exocrine gland secretions
secretory products such as sweat oil earwax saliva mucus digestive enzymes MESEOS Mucus Enzymes Sweat Earwax Oil Saliva
Multicellular exocrine glands types
simple vs compound tubular vs acinar vs tubuloacinar
ciliated simple columnar epithelium
single layer of ciliated rectangular cells Eliminate foreign particles -> locomotion from cilia few portions of the upper respiratory tract, where it moves foreign particles trapped in mucus out of the respiratory tract.
nonciliated simple columnar epithelium
single, column shaped layer microvilli (finger shapes for surface area=absorption) goblet cells = secretion of mucus secretion & absorption lines most of the gastrointestinal tract
simple cuboidal epithelium
single, cube shaped layer secretion and absorption covers ovaries, in the kidneys and eyes, and lining some glandular ducts.
Functions of basement membrane
-Anchors epithelium to connective tissue -surface for epithelial cell migration to grow and heal -restrict passage of larger molecules -participates of kidney blood filtration
General features of epithelial tissue
-Avascular -cellularity into sheets/layers by cell junctions -cells have 2 lateral surfaces (one on each side) -apical surfaces (free/not attached to anything) -basal surface -regeneration -> cell division bc contains stem cells -polarity (uneven distribution of organelles inside cell)
Where does surface epithelium form?
-Outer covering of skin + some internal organs -inner lining of blood vessels, ducts, + body cavities -interior of respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems (RRUD)
functions of connective tissue
-binds together, supports, and strengthens other body tissues. -protects and insulates internal organs. -compartmentalizes structures such as skeletal muscles. -Blood, a fluid connective tissue, serves as the major transport system within the body. - Adipose (fat) tissue is the primary location of stored energy reserves. - main source of immune responses.
Adherens Junctions Functions
-connect adjacent cells together -adhesion belt help resist separation of epithelial tissue during contractile activites
Tight Junctions Functions
-protect underlying tissue from harmful substances by restricting movement in spaces between cells -prevent transport of contents of organs such as intestines, urinary, bladder, and stomach into blood or surrounding tissues
Connective tissue function
-protects/supports body organs -binds organs -stores energy reserves as fat -helps provide body w immunity to disease causes organisms
What special ability to elastic fibers have?
150% elasticity from original shape and can return to original shape
What is the different between desmosomes and adherens junctions?
Adherens have microfilaments it attaches to and desmosomes have intermediate filaments
label surface epithelial cells
A: apical surface B: lateral surface C: basal lamina (under is reticular lamina) D: basement membrane E: connective tissue
Where do plasma cells develop from?
B lymphocytes
Layers of basement membrane (superficial to deep)
Basal lamina reticular lamina
What are the three types of mature connective tissue?
CSL Connective tissue proper supporting connective tissue liquid connective tissue
Where are gap junctions located?
Cardiac and smooth muscle tissue + nervous system
Where can tight junctions be found?
Cells of epithelial tissue that line the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder
What is the only cell shape for pseudostratified?
Columnar
Which cell junctions have Cadherins as transmembrane glycoproteins?
Desmosomes and adherens junctions
How to epithelial tissue get nutrients if it does not have blood vessels?
Diffusion by blood vessels in connective tissue
What are the two types of connective tissues?
Embryonic and mature
Main differences between epithelial and connective tissue
Epithelial tissue is avascular and has cellularity + Arranged into sheets/layers Connective tissue is vascular (blood vessels) and cells are scattered
What are the two main components of connective tissue?
Extracellular matrix + cells
What is the open communication channel of cell junctions?
Gap junctions
Functional classification of Exocrine glands
HAM holocrine apocrine merocrine
Tissue Consistency Categories
Hard Semi solid liquid
Endocrine gland secretions
Hormones
What is the function of hormones secreted by endocrine glands?
Hormones regulate metabolic and physiological activities to maintain homeostasis
Gap Junction Function
Ions and small molecules pass through connexons to other cells allow impulses to travel through cells fast
Which of the cells in connective tissue are white blood cells?
MEN Macrophages Eosinophils Neutrophils
what are the cells in connective tissue involved with Immune response?
MMAP FEN Macrophages Mast cells Adipose cells Plasma Cells Fibroblasts Eosinophils Neutrophils
Where do cells in connective tissue originate from?
Mesenchymal cells
Nervous Tissue Types
Neuron + glial
Where are endocrine glands located?
PAT Pituitary adrenal thyroid
Where are both exocrine and endocrine glands located?
POT pancreas ovaries testes
Types of fibers in connective tissue
REC reticular elastic collagen
Thinnest fiber in connective tissue?
Reticular
What fiber helps form basement membrane?
Reticular
Where are exocrine glands located?
Salivary glands (ducts carry saliva to the oral cavity) sweat glands (ducts carry sweat to the skin surface) gastric glands (ducts carry gastric juice to the cavity of the stomach) pancreas (Carries enzymes to the intestines)
Surface Epithelium Arrangement of LAYERS
Simple Pseudo-stratified (false stratified) Stratified
What are the four simple epithelial cell types?
Simple squamous Simple cuboidal Simple columnar (ciliated or non-ciliated)
Muscular Tissue Function
Specialized cells help w contraction and generation of force -> movement in body + heat
Surface Epithelium Cell Shape
Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Transitional
Mesenchymal cells
Stem cells that respond to injury or infection Differentiate into fibroblasts, macrophages, etc.
What are hemidesmosomes and parts?
These are "half desmosomes" with intermediate filaments, transmembrane proteins called integrin that connect to basal layer and plaque
What are the three junctions that connect adjacent cells?
Tight junctions, adherens juctions, and desmosomes
integrins
Transmembrane glycoproteins that anchor cell to basement membrane in hemidesmosome
Cadherins
Transmembrane glycoproteins that join adjacent cells in adherens junctions and desmosomes
stratified transitional epithelium
able to stretch depending on contraction relaxed: filled and round contracted: flat It lines the urinary bladder
Typical functions of simple epithelial cell types?
absorption/secretion/filtration
Hemodesmosome functions
anchor to the basal layer of cells of the epidermis (protein called laminin)
What do plasma cells secrete?
antibodies
What does suffix -blast mean?
cell class that means bud or sprout produce extracellular matrix
Cellularity
cells have little or no space between them
What are tight junctions?
consist of weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse together the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes to seal off passageways between adjacent cells
What are cell junctions?
contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells.
Nervous Tissue Function
detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds by generating elec- trical signals called nerve action potentials (nerve impulses) that activate muscular contractions and glandular secretions
Elastic fibers are made of
elastin from fibroblasts
Which type of connective tissue is before birth?
embryonic
Two types of glandular epithelium
endocrine glands and exocrine glands
Differences between endocrine and exocrine glands
endocrine travel far/general effects exocrine do not travel far/local effects endocrine do not use ducts, diffuse directly into bloodstream exocrine uses ducts and onto epithelial lining endocrine hormones exocrine everything else
How are hormones secreted by endocrine glands?
enter interstitia lfluid and then diffuse directly into blood stream without duct
Where are desmosomes found?
epithelial and muscle tissue
Four Major Families of Tissues
epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
What is the function of the apical surface?
face outside/external environment or other organs/body cavities contain specialized structures such as cilia or microfilia
Characteristics of connective tissue proper
flexible viscous ground substance w abundant tissue
Where does the glandular epithelium arrange?
forms secreting portion of glands
What is the gap junction and parts?
gaps between adjacent cells formed by connexons
Simple vs Compound exocrine gland types
has to do with DUCTS simple = unbranched compound = branched
Which cell junction is an anchoring junction?
hemidesmosome
Which cell junction have Integrins as transmembrane glycoproteins?
hemidesmosomes
What is the purpose of ground substance in extracellular matrix?
hold cells in place store water medium for exchange active role in tissue development, migrate, proliferate, change shape, metabolic functions
Lumen definition
inside of organ/cavity
Characteristics of liquid connective tissue
liquid extracellular matrix blood and lymph
Function of cilia
locomotion
Apocrine glands
mammary gland exocrine glands that secrete into 1. synthesized into endoplasmic reticulum 2. packaged by golgi complex 3. secretory vesicles get trapped in apical part and cytoplasm pinched off
Connexins to Connexons
membrane proteins called connexins form tiny fluid-filled tunnels called connexons that connect neighboring cells
What are the two types of embryonic connective tissue?
mesenchymal (embryo) and mucous (fetus)
stratified columnar epithelium
multiple layers of column shaped cells (shorter and irregular closer to basal layer also rarish protection and secretion found in a portion of the male urethra and large excretory ducts of some glands
stratified cuboidal epithelium
multiple layers of cube shaped cells rare/specialized protection + limited secretion and absorption found in adult sweat glands and a portion of the male urethra
stratified squamous epithelium
multiple layers of flat cells (cuboidal towards basement membrane) protection keratinized: epidermis nonkeratinized wet surfaces: lines the mouth, esophagus, epiglottis, pharynx, vagina, tongue
non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
no cilia or goblet cells absorption and secretion lines ducts of many glands, the epididymis, and part of the male urethra
What are the two pseudo-stratified epithelial cell types?
non-ciliated and ciliated columnar
which are the 3 epithelial cell types that have goblet cells?
nonciliated simple columnar epithelium ciliated simple columnar epithelium ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Basal Surface
opposite to apical + anchors epithelium to basement membrane thru hemidesmosomes
merocrine (eccrine) glands
pancreas/salivary gland exocrine glands that secrete into 1. synthesized into endoplasmic reticulum 2. packaged by golgi complex 3. released thru exocytosis simple/no damage to cells
Vascular
pertaining to blood vessels
What is the function of desmosomes and the intermediate filaments?
prevent epidermal (skin) cells from separating under tension and cardiac muscle cells (heart) from pulling apart during contraction. filaments provide tissue stability
Characteristics of supporting connective tissue
protect and support soft tissue cartilage and bone
Function of epithelial tissue
protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration
What is the extracellular matrix made of?
protein fibers and ground substance
How are secretory products secreted by exocrine glands?
released into ducts to empty onto surface of lining epithelium
white blood cells (leukocytes)
respond to injury or infection
holocrine glands
sebaceous / oil glands / skin secretory product is accumulated in cytosol and then released when mature and then replaced by stem cells
what do goblet cells do?
secrete mucus
Where does glandular epithelium form?
secreting portion of glands -thyroid -adrenal -sweat -digestion (DATS)
Typical functions of pseudo-stratified columnar epithelial cell types?
secretion/absorption
simple squamous epithelium
single, flat layer filtration/diffusion/secretion endothelium: lines the heart and blood vessels. mesothelium: forms the serous membranes that line the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and cover the organs within them.
What is the only arrangement for transitional shaped ?
stratified
Main function of fibers in connective tissue
strengthen and support
What are the two epithelial tissue types?
surface and glandular
Epithelial tissue is always found where and what is under it?
surface layers + not covered by another tissue + connective tissue under it
What do cilia do on top of epithelial cells?
sweep away foregin particles/help in elimination
What is the security guard of the cell junctions?
tight junctions
Cell Junction Types
tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions, adherens junctions, hemidesmosomes
What is keratin?
tough fibrous protein to protect skin from heat, microbes, chemicals
What are Adherens Junctions and parts?
transmembrane proteins anchor to a dense plaque of proteins inside cells to connect adjacent cell membranes together has microfillaments + adhesion belt
What are desmosome and parts?
transmembrane proteins attach to intracellular plaque to form bridge bw adjacent cells intermediate filaments
tubular vs acinar vs tubuloacinar Multicellular exocrine glands types
tubular -> forms tube and can be branched/coiled acinar -> round and can be branches tubuloacinar -> tube and round and can be branched
Exocrine glands can be
unicellular or multicellular