Chapter 3: Victims and Victimization

Why do fraudsters often target the elderly?

The elderly are seen as easy targets.

What demographic change could likely result in higher victimization rates in the United States?

increasing urbanization

According to victim precipitation theory:

it is sometimes the victim that provokes the offender.

Which of the following would increase the risks of victimization in an upscale neighborhood, under routine activities theory?

long response times by a small, ineffectual police department

How can an individual living in a crime-ridden neighborhood rationally avoid victimization, under deviant place theory?

move to a safer neighborhood

Due to a bus breakdown, a schoolchild is forced to walk alone through a typically safe neighborhood to get home. The student falls prey to delinquents, who target him because he is wearing an expensive watch. This instance of victimization is best explained by ________.

passive precipitation

Which of the following disorders could afflict a survivor of gun violence, resulting in depression and anxiety?

posttraumatic stress disorder

Crime career costs are:

the imputed value of money an individual loses by engaging in crime rather than in legal activities.

Which of the following, on its own, can likely serve to reduce the chances for victimization in a public space, as outlined by routine activities theory?

the presence of uniformed law enforcement officers

Which of the following scenarios would increase the chances of an individual being victimized as a result of passive precipitation?

An individual enters an establishment that is frequented by a racial group at odds with the individual's racial group.

What is the importance of victim impact statements in distributing justice to an offender?

They allow victims to recount the ordeal, which can be used to influence sentencing.

How do victim costs differ from intangible costs?

Victim costs cannot be estimated.

Regarding victimization, what does Ms. Kerai's experience reveal?

Victimization as a result of crime can impact those who they themselves were not personally victimized.

In which of the following situations would violent victimization more likely occur?

a nighttime robbery in a secluded part of a city

A typical male is most likely to be victimized by:

a person they do not know.

Which of the following can be considered an example of target hardening?

a restaurant owner installing deadbolt locks on the doors to the business

What contributes to target gratifiability that can encourage victimization?

a victim who routinely displays material wealth

Under lifestyle theory, which of the following persons would be highly susceptible to victimization?

a young male who typically skips school to partake in substance abuse with others

Under the concept of deviant place theory, victimization primarily occurs as the result of:

an individual being in a high-risk location.

Restitution agreements are:

conditions of probation for an offender.

In which of the following scenarios would an innocent be at greatest risk for victimization, under deviant place theory?

A young female in expensive clothing accidentally exits a bus in a crime-ridden neighborhood.

What is the importance of a Victims' Bill of Rights, which most states now have?

It allows those victimized to be alerted and aware of criminal proceedings against an offender.

What is the role of parent incarceration in factoring the cost of victimization?

It can create additional costs and victimization of families, due to the effects of parental absence.

Which of the following can be explained by the cycle of violence?

Children who are abused increasingly engage in crime as they mature.

What motivated Ms. Kerai to become involved in advocating against gun violence?

Her experience as a result of her husband being present at a mass shooting.

Ms. Kerai arguably experienced what feeling after receiving the phone call from her husband?

fear

What is the focus of Ms. Kerai's volunteer work?

helping survivors of gun violence resolve issues of anxiety and stress

Which of the following represents victimization by the justice system?

police questioning a rape victim and insinuating that the victim was at fault

Abuse of highly-dependent elders by their children, due to the children increasingly becoming unable to care for the elders, is explained by:

the caregiver stress view.

In most states, the status of sex offenders is now made public. Why?

to let the public know the identity and the whereabouts of sex offenders

The state providing funds to a victimized individual to pay for damages associated with a crime is known as:

victim compensation.

How are lifestyle theory and victim precipitation theory similar to each other?

Both focus on the behaviors and actions of the potential victims in encouraging victimization.

How can victimization typically lead to criminality?

It can encourage negative behaviors that are meant to alleviate stress and anger.

How does the transformative effect of early victimization impact young victims?

It makes young victims highly susceptible to entering into abusive adult relationships.