Chapter 30 The Making of Industrial Society

Witte

Count Sergei Witte served as finance minister of Russia Helped spur Russian industry Russia has enormous coal and iron industries, and government demand for weapons also supported a vast armaments industry Russian produced the half the world's oil, and Russian steel production ranked fourth in the world

Monopolies, trusts, cartels

Big businesses wanted to eliminate the competition by establishing monopolies in their industries To do this, they formed trusts and cartels Both shared a common goal: to control the supply of a product and hence its price in the marketplace

corporation

1850s and 1860a government authorities in Britain and France laid the legal foundations for the modern corporation, which quickly became the most common form of business organization in industrial societies A corporation was a private business owned by hundreds, thousands, of individual and institutional investors who financed the business through the purchase of stocks representing shares in the company Due to the large amounts of money needed to finance such businesses, the corporation emerged A key component of CAPITALISM Laissez faire?

Crystal Palace Exhibition

1851 bounty of industry went on display in London at the Crystal Palace, a magnificent structure made of iron and glass that enclosed trees, gardens, fountains, and manufactured products from around the world Represents the "fruits" of industrial society

Henry Ford

1913, improved manufacturing techniques further when he introduced the assembly line to automobile production The subdivision of labor and the coordination of operations resulted in enormous productivity gains Participated in changing the labor system, increasing efficiency

CAPITALISM

A major theme of this era

Eli Whitney

American inventor Best remembered for the invention of the cotton gin, also developed the technique of using machine tools to produce large quantities of interchangeable parts in the making of firearms Lead to mass production A result of industrialization in creating more efficiency

Cotton textiles

As demand for cotton rose (since it was a better substitute for wool) new inventions were created to increase efficiency and decrease the time to process cotton Example of economic incentive as a result of industrialization

Socialism

Criticized industrialization's capitalism Many different types of socialists who disagreed on how to go about creating the ideal society Did not oppose industrialization but worked toward building a more equitable and just society Marx and Engels believed that the social problems of the 19th century were inevitable results of a capitalist society Socialists worked to alleviate the social and economic problems generated by capitalism and industrialization Wanted equality, looked to future establishment of a just and equitable society Social critics (utopian socialists) were Charles Fourier and Robert Owen Owen presented a business owner who actually sought to make fair conditions for his workers

zaibatsu

Demonstrates the Japanese rise to industrialization [See Reilly doc about Fukuzawa Yukichi- shows the views of the Japanese on keeping up with the competition] In japan when businesses were sold to private entrepreneurs, who often built huge industrial empires known as zaibatsu ("wealthy cliques") Similar to trusts and cartels but most organized around a single family Usually operated and controlled companies in several industries

Society

Industrialization encouraged the disappearance of slavery in lands undergoing industrialization partly because the economics of industrial society did not favor slave labor Slaves generally did not consume the products of industrial manufacturers in large quantities Industrialists preferred free wage laborers who spent their money on products that kept their factories busy Large portion of industrial wealth flowed into the middle class Concentrated in mining and industrial centers, the working class began to influence political affairs by the mid-19th century

Luddites

Low factory working conditions sparked violent protest Between 1811 and 1816, organized bands of English handicraft workers known as Luddites went on a rampage and destroyed textile machines that they blamed for their low wages and unemployment Example of protests against the working conditions of industrialization's factories

INDUSTRIALIZATION

Major theme of this era Refers to a process that transformed agrarian and handicraft-centered economies into economies distinguished by industry and machine manufacture Technological innovation helped facilitate this movement Britain was the first to industrialize Profoundly changed social, economic, and political life throughout the world Led to rising standards in living, population growth, and inexpensive manufactured products Encouraged the emergence of the middle class and the working class Ties in closely with the need for IMPERIALISM Lead to other themes during this era, such as URBANIZATION, CAPITALISM Changed women's roles Caused greater migration Changed the working environment from agricultural to industrial and changed family dynamics Abolishment of Slavery Environment declines as a result Influential critics of industrialization and its capitalist societies were socialists

The Communist Manifesto

Marx and Engels criticized that the capitalists exploited the proletariat (working class) and the capitalist system maintained the capitalists' power In this, Marx and Engels aligned themselves with communists, who worked toward the abolition of private property and the institution of a radically egalitarian society Believed that a socialist revolution would result in a "dictatorship of the proletariat" which would abolish private property and destroy the capitalist order.

URBANIZATION

Migrants flocked from the countryside to urban centers in search of work Industrial Britain led the urbanization Reflected internal migration Urbanization intensified environmental pollution Led to cramped living conditions in cities

Coal Industry in Britiain

Played a major factor in help making Britain the first nation to start industrialization Abundant sources of coal as a natural resource helped provide fuel for steam engines Britain tried to prevent info about this new technology from leaking to other nations in order to gain a better edge against other nations

Migration

Rapid population growth in Europe encouraged massive migration to the Americas, especially the United States Labor from abroad made it possible for the United States to undergo rapid industrialization in the late 19th century

Josiah Wedgewood

Represented managers who imposed strict work discipline and closely supervised workers Held his employees to high standards in an effort to produce the highest quality pottery

Demographic transition

See [Migration and Urbanization]

Utopian socialists

See [Socialism] Owen and Fourier, wanted the ideal communities that would point to an equitable society

Thomas Malthus

Theory on population growth argued that population multiplies geometrically and food arithmetically; therefore, whenever the food supply increases, population will rapidly grow to eliminate the abundance.

Adam Smith

Wrote Wealth of Nations (1776), used a pin factory to describe the new system of manufacture Factories changed the division of labor, called for a production process in which each worker performed a single task, rather one singled person completed the whole job Made processing products more efficient

factory system

[see other terms]

Trade unions

struggled to eliminate abuses of early industrial society and improve workers' lives by seeking higher wages and better working conditions for its members did not seek to destroy capitalism but rather make employers more responsive to their employee's demands

Karl Marx/Marxism

the political and economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, later developed by their followers to form the basis for the theory and practice of communism While Marxism is a political ideology based on Karl Marx's ideas, communism can be called as a political system, which is based on Marxist ideology.

Watt's steam engine

was the first type of steam engine to make use of a separate condenser. It was a vacuum or "atmospheric" engine using steam at a pressure just above atmospheric to create a partial vacuum beneath the piston Representative of what spurred industrialization: steam power