Chapter 31

Tanzimat legal reforms included all of the following rights EXCEPT

women's right to sue for divorce.

The Ottoman military had declined by the nineteenth century because

All these answers are correct.

The emancipation of Russian serfs in 1861

All these answers are correct.

By 1913, all of the following provinces gained either independence or autonomy from Ottoman control EXCEPT

Anatolia

The Russian empire was defeated in the Crimean War because

Britain and France joined forces to prevent Russian expansion into the Ottoman empire.

Which of the Young Turk proposals caused the most dissension in the empire?

Turkish as the official language of the empire

The most significant achievement of Sultan Mahmud II was the

creation of a modern army.

At the end of the nineteenth century, the Ottoman empire, Russian empire, Qing dynasty, and Tokugawa Japan were "societies at crossroads" because they

discovered through wars and confrontations that they were militarily much weaker than the western powers.

The "capitulations" were humiliating concessions to the west that

held European citizens exempt from Ottoman laws and taxes.

Which of the following was NOT part of Witte's policy of industrialization?

nationalization of key industries such as coal and steel