Chapter 34: The Pacific World and Antarctica

-71 degrees Fahrenheit

Antarctica's average temperature

Countries that claimed parts of Antarctica

Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, United Kingdom

Canberra

Australia's capital

Adelaide

Capital of South Australia

Tasmania

Island across the Bass Strait

Wellington

New Zealand's capital

Brisbane

Queensland's capital

Antarctic ice

reflects heat instead of absorbing it this is why it stays so cold dry region almost no rain

outback

remote, sparsely settled, arid, rural country, especially in the central and western plains and plateaus of Australia

Polynesia cash crops

rubber, coffee, and sugar cane

lagoon

shallow body of water separated from the sea by coral and sandbars

cyclone

violent, rotating windstorm (like a hurricane)

artesian well

well that is drilled deep enough to tap a layer of porous material filled with groundwater

Settlers

After the prisoners, settlers arrived to raise sheep and wheat

Sydney

Capital of New South Wales; Australia's oldest city

Polynesia

Developed over long periods of time

Robert Scott

Explorer from Great Britain who explored Antarctica

Western Australia

Has 3 deserts: Great Sandy, Gibson, and Great Victoria

South Island

Has New Zealand's highest mountains

North Island

Has volcanoes and geysers that tourists come to see

Captain James Cook

In 1770 he landed on Australia's east coast and claimed it for Great Britain

Aborigines

In the beginning they were killed by Europeans and their diseases. They have stories preserved by oral traditions. They like that things stay the same. They take only what they need from the Earth without destroying it

Urban Rim

Most Australians live in this area on the eastern and southeastern coasts. This is where you will find Sydney, Melbourne, and Canberra

New Zealand's Urbanization

Most people live on the North Island Most people live on the coast

Auckland

New Zealand's largest city is on the North Island

Christchurch

New Zealand's second largest city is in the South Island

Perth

One of the world's most remote cities

Immigrants

Originally they were from Great Britain; then Greece and Italy, and now they come from Southeast Asia

Prisioners

Starting in 1787, Britain started sending its prisoners to Australia

convergence zone

area of severe storms where the frigid waters circulating around Antarctica meet the warmer waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans

Antarctic Treaty

bans military activity in Antarctica lets people set up research stations

Australian government

based on British government with a prime minister, parliament, and cabinet

Melbourne

capital of Victoria

New Zealand's Agriculture

cattle (butter and milk), sheep (wool and meat), and kiwifruit

Pacific Islands's Economy

coconut, pineapples, bananas, tuna, and other fish tourism minerals: gold and nickel

crevasse

deep crack in the glaciar ice

trust territory

dependent colony or territory supervised by another country or commission of the United Nations

Ronald Amundsen

explorer from Norway who explored Antarctica

pack ice

floating sea ice formed by a mix of icebergs with other ice formed in super chilled ocean waters

Great Barrier Reef

forms a lagoon between itself and the mainland

Australian minerals

gold, coal, iron ore, copper, zinc, uranium, and lead

geyser

hot streams that shoot jets of steam and heated water into the air

Stations

huge cattle ranches in the outback

Antarctica

is ice has no permanent human settlements was first seen by sailors in 1820s ice and cold prevented people from landing on it until 1895

New Zealand

made up of two islands: South Island and North Island

World War 2

many battles were fought in the Pacific Islands

ice shelf

massive extension of glacial ice over the sea, often protruding for hundreds of miles

glaciers

move like slow, frozen rivers

Antarctic Resources

oil, gold, iron, coal

Aborigine

one of the original inhabitants of Australia

Micronesia

populated by people from Southeast Asia

Melanesia

populated by people from the Philippines, Indonesia, and people from islands north of New Guinea

krill

shrimp like creatures

Darwin

the closest Australian city to Asia

-128.6 degrees Fahrenheit

the lowest temperature ever recorded on Earth was recorded in Antarctica

Maori

the people from New Zealand. Originally they were different groups of people. Now they see themselves as a nation

high islands

tops of underwater mountains

low islands

tops of underwater volcanoes