Chapter 36: HTN
A client is placed on a low-sodium (500 mg/day) diet. Which client statement indicates that the nurse's nutrition teaching plan has been effective?
"I chose broiled chicken with a baked potato for dinner." Explanation: The client's choice of a baked potato with broiled chicken indicates effective nutrition teaching because potatoes and chicken are relatively low in sodium. Ham, sardines, and bouillon are extremely high in sodium and shouldn't be included in a low-sodium diet.
Papilledema is a fairly common symptom of elevated blood pressure. The best way to detect this condition is through
ophthalmic examination. Papilledema is an edema of the optic nerves, and thus needs an ophthalmic examination for detection.
As part of a patient's admission assessment, the nurse has assessed the patient's blood pressure (BP) and achieved a reading of 133/78. What physiological factors contribute to the patient's blood pressure reading?
Cardiac output multiplied by peripheral vascular resistance BP is the product of cardiac output multiplied by peripheral resistance. The other given physiological parameters do not constitute BP.
A nurse is educating about lifestyle modifications for a group of clients with newly diagnosed hypertension. While discussing dietary changes, which point would the nurse emphasize?
It takes 2 to 3 months for the taste buds to adapt to decreased salt intake It takes 2 to 3 months for the taste buds to adapt to changes in salt intake. Knowing this may help the client adjust to reduced salt intake. The client should be advised to limit alcohol intake.
As recommended follow-up for a client initially diagnosed with prehypertension, the client should get his or her blood pressure rechecked within which time frame?
Recheck in 1 year A client with an initial blood pressure (BP) in the prehypertension range should have his or her BP rechecked in 1 year. A normal BP should be rechecked in 2 years. Stage 1 hypertension should be confirmed and followed up within 2 months. Stage 2 hypertension should be evaluated or referred to a source of care within 1 month.
A patient has come to the clinic for a follow-up assessment. Before taking the blood pressure, the nurse should determine if the patient has:
Tried to rest quietly for 5 minutes before the reading is taken Prior to the nurse assessing the patient's blood pressure, the patient should try to rest quietly for 5 minutes. The forearm should be positioned at heart level. Caffeine products and cigarette smoking should be avoided for at least 30 minutes prior to the visit. The patient does not need to be NPO for at least 8 hours.
The nurse is caring for a client with hypertension. The nurse is correct to realize that a 24-hour urine is ordered to determine if the cause of hypertension is related to the dysfunction of which of the thyroid gland adrenal gland pituitary gland thymus
adrenal gland Explanation: The 24-hour urine collection specimen is ordered to determine dysfunction of the adrenal gland. The 24-hour urine detects elevated catecholamines. The other options are not evaluated by a 24-hour urine.
Primary or essential hypertension accounts for about 95% of all hypertension diagnoses with an unknown etiology. Secondary hypertension accompanies specific conditions that create hypertension as a result of tissue damage. Which condition contributes to secondary hypertension? arterial vasoconstriction hepatic function calcium deficit acid-base imbalance
arterial vasoconstriction Explanation: Secondary hypertension may accompany any primary condition that affects fluid volume or renal function, or causes arterial vasoconstriction.
Nurses should implement measures to relieve emotional stress for clients with hypertension because the reduction of stress
decreases the production of neurotransmitters that constrict peripheral arterioles. Reduced stress decreases the production of neurotransmitters that constrict peripheral arterioles. Reduced stress may assist in reducing blood volume and resistance to the hear
A blood pressure (BP) of 140/90 mm Hg is considered to be
hypertension. A BP of 140/90 mm Hg or higher is hypertension. A blood pressure less than 120/80 mm Hg is considered normal. A BP of 120 to 139/80 to 89 mm Hg is prehypertension. Hypertensive emergency is a situation in which BP is severely elevated and there is evidence of actual or probable target organ damage.
The nurse is teaching a client about chronic untreated hypertension. What complication will the nurse explain to the client?
stroke Explanation: A stroke occurs if vessels in the brain rupture and bleed. If an aneurysm has developed in the aorta from chronic hypertension, it may burst and cause hemorrhage and shock. Peripheral edema, right-sided heart failure, and pulmonary insufficiency are not usually consequences of untreated chronic hypertension.
The nurse is seeing a client for the first time and has just checked the client's blood pressure. The nurse would consider the client prehypertensive if:
systolic BP is between 120 and 139 mm Hg. Once the systolic BP goes above 120 mm Hg, the patient is considered prehypertensive, according to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's (2015) definition
The nurse is administering metoprolol to a client. What type of medication should the nurse educate the client about?
Beta blocker Atenolol is classified as a beta blocker. Beta blockers block beta adrenergic receptors of the sympathetic nervous system, causing vasodilation and decreased cardiac output and heart rate. Atenolol is not classified as a diuretic, ACE inhibitor, or vasodilator.
A client with high blood pressure is receiving an antihypertensive drug. When developing a client teaching plan to minimize orthostatic hypotension, which instruction should the nurse include?
"Flex your calf muscles, avoid alcohol, and change positions slowly." Measures that minimize orthostatic hypotension include flexing the calf muscles to boost blood return to the heart, avoiding alcohol and straining at stool, changing positions slowly, eating a high-protein snack at night, wearing elastic stockings, and holding onto a stationary object when rising. Although the client should rest between demanding activities and consume plenty of fluids and fiber (contained in fruits and vegetables) to maintain a balanced diet, these measures don't directly relieve orthostatic hypotension.
A nurse is caring for a client who has hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The client's blood pressure this morning was 150/92 mm Hg. When the client asks the nurse what his or her blood pressure should be, what is the nurse's most appropriate response?
"Clients with diabetes should have a lower blood pressure goal. You should strive for 120/80 mm Hg." An individual with diabetes mellitus should strive for blood pressure of 120/80 mm Hg or less. An individual without diabetes should strive for blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or less.
The nurse is caring for a client who has had 25 mg of oral hydrochlorothiazide added to the medication regimen for the treatment of hypertension. Which instruction should the nurse give the client? "Take this medication before going to bed." "Increase the amount of fruits and vegetables you eat." "You may develop nasal congestion or depression while taking this medication." "You may drink alcohol while taking this medication
"Increase the amount of fruits and vegetables you eat." Thiazide diuretics cause loss of sodium, potassium, and magnesium, so the client should be encouraged to eat fruits and vegetables that are high in potassium. Diuretics cause increased urination; the client should not take the medication before going to bed. Thiazide diuretics do not cause dry mouth or nasal congestion; both side effects are associated with alpha2-agonists. Postural hypotension may be potentiated by alcohol.
After a series of visits to her care provider, a 40-year-old woman has been diagnosed with primary hypertension and metabolic syndrome. In addition to her persistently high blood pressure (BP) readings, what criterion would contribute to the woman's diagnosis of metabolic syndrome? Serum sodium levels of ≥135 mmol/L Abnormal lipid levels Increased serum creatinine and/or blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels Presence of proteinuria
Abnormal lipid levels Explanation: Metabolic syndrome, or syndrome X, occurs when three of the following symptoms are present: BP elevation greater than 130/85, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and/or abdominal obesity.
The nurse is caring for an elderly client with a diagnosis of hypertension, who is taking several antihypertensive medications. Which safety precaution is the nurse most likely to reinforce?
Changing positions slowly related to possible hypotension The elderly have impaired cardiovascular reflexes and thus are more sensitive to the extracellular volume depletion caused by diuretics and to the sympathetic inhibition caused by adrenergic antagonists. The nurse teaches clients to change positions slowly when moving from a lying or sitting position to a standing position. This will help prevent falls. Eating extra potassium is not a good idea if taking a potassium-sparing diuretic. The other choices are good teaching points, but not necessarily safety precautions.
A client who is newly diagnosed with hypertension is going to be starting antihypertensive medicine. What is one of the main things the client and the client's spouse should watch for?
Dizziness A common adverse effect of all antihypertensive drugs is postural hypotension, which can lead to falls. The client and the client's spouse should be alerted to this possibility and provided with some tips for managing dizziness.
The nurse is creating a community teaching demonstration focusing on the cause of blood pressure. When completing the visual aid, which body structures represent the mechanism of blood pressure? Lung and arteries Heart and blood vessels Brain and sympathetic nervous system Kidneys and autonomic nervous system
Heart and blood vessels Explanation: Blood pressure is the force produced by the volume of the blood in arterial walls. It is represented by the formula: BP= CO (cardiac output)× PR (peripheral resistance). To highlight the mechanism of cardiac output, a heart would be on the visual aid and blood vessels.
When measuring blood pressure in each arm of a healthy adult, the nurse recognizes that the pressures must be equal in both arms. may vary 10 mm Hg or more between arms. differ no more than 5 mm Hg between arms. may vary, with the higher pressure found in the left arm
Normally, in the absence of disease of the vasculature, arm pressures differ by no more than 5 mm Hg. The pressures in each arm do not have to be equal to be considered normal. Pressures that vary more than 10 mm Hg between arms are an abnormal finding. The left arm pressure is not anticipated to be higher than the right as a normal anatomical variant
A client is admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with a diagnosis of hypertension emergency/crisis. The client's blood pressure (BP) is 200/130 mm Hg. The nurse is preparing to administer IV nitroprusside. Upon assessment, which finding requires immediate intervention by the nurse? Numbness and weakness in the left arm Nausea and severe headache Chest pain score of 3 (on a scale of 1 to 10) Urine output of 40 mL over the past hour
Numbness and weakness in the left arm Hypertensive emergencies are acute, life-threatening BP elevations that require prompt treatment in an intensive care setting because of the serious target organ damage that may occur. The finding of numbness and weakness in left arm may indicate the client is experiencing neurological symptoms associated with an ischemic stroke because of the severely elevated BP; immediate intervention is required. Urine output of 40 mL/h is within normal limits. The other findings are likely caused by the hypertension and require intervention, but they do not require action as urgently as the neurologic changes.
Which diuretic medication conserves potassium?
Spironolactone Spironolactone is known as a potassium-sparing diuretic. Furosemide causes loss of potassium from the body. Chlorothiazide and chlorthalidone cause mild hypokalemia.
The nurse is administering medications on a medical-surgical unit. A client is ordered to receive 40 mg oral nadolol for the treatment of hypertension. Before administering the medication, the nurse should check the client's heart rate. check the client's serum K+ level. check the client's urine output. weigh the client.
check the client's heart rate Nadolol is a beta-blocker. A desired effect of this medication is to reduce the pulse rate in clients with tachycardia and elevated blood pressure (BP). The nurse should check the client's heart rate (HR) before administering nadolol to ensure that the pulse is not less than 60 beats per minute. The other interventions are not indicated before administering a beta-blocker medication.
It is appropriate for the nurse to recommend smoking cessation for clients with hypertension because nicotine
increases the heart rate, constricts arterioles, and reduces the heart's ability to eject blood. The nurse recommends smoking cessation for clients with hypertension because nicotine raises the heart rate, constricts arterioles, and reduces the heart's ability to eject blood. Reduced oral fluids decrease the circulating blood volume.
A client who was recently diagnosed with prehypertension is to meet with a dietitian and return for a follow-up with the cardiologist in 6 months. What would this client's treatment likely include?
nonpharmacological interventions Nonpharmacologic interventions are used for clients with prehypertension.
Which of the following client scenarios would be correct for the nurse to identify as a client with secondary hypertension? A client experiencing depression A client diagnosed with kidney disease A client of advanced age A client with excessive alcohol intake
A client diagnosed with kidney disease Secondary hypertension is an elevated blood pressure that results from or is secondary to some other disorder such as kidney disease, a tumor of the adrenal medulla, or atherosclerosis. Depression alone is typically not associated with hypertension. Advanced age and alcohol intake are considered factors for essential hypertension.
The nurse is evaluating the types of medications prescribed for a client's hypertension. Which of the following medication classifications establishes an action on vasoconstrictive hormones in the blood stream? Beta-blocker ACE inhibitor Loop diuretic Calcium channel blocker
ACE inhibitor Explanation: The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor's primary action is to prevent the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstricting hormone in the blood. A beta-blocker blocks the beta-adrenergic receptors decreasing sympathetic nervous system stimulation. Loop diuretics excrete water from the loop of Henle, reduci
A team of public health nurses are strategizing around a new initiative that will address screening, education, and management of hypertension in residents of the community. Which of the following facts surrounding hypertension should underlie the nurses' design of this health initiative? Many of the pathophysiological effects of hypertension are poorly understood in the health literature. Hypertension is difficult to identify in many of the individuals who are at highest risk of the problem. Hypertension tends to be inadequately managed in many of the people who have been diagnosed with the problem. Hypertension is among the health problems that are most difficult to treat successfully.
Hypertension tends to be inadequately managed in many of the people who have been diagnosed with the problem. Explanation: Many of the deleterious effects of hypertension are due to the fact that the problem is grossly undermanaged. The negative consequences of hypertension are not primarily due to a lack of scientific understanding, difficulty in diagnosis, or a lack of treatment options. Reference:
Which describes a situation in which blood pressure is severely elevated and there is evidence of actual or probable target organ damage? Hypertensive emergency Hypertensive urgency Primary hypertension Secondary hypertension
Hypertensive emergency A hypertensive emergency is a situation in which blood pressure is severely elevated and there is evidence of actual or probable target organ damage. Hypertensive urgency is a situation in which blood pressure is severely elevated but there is no evidence of actual or probable target organ damage. Secondary hypertension is high blood pressure from an identified cause, such as renal disease. Primary hypertension denotes high blood pressure from an unidentified source.
The nurse is instructing a student on the proper technique for measuring blood pressure (BP). Which student action indicates a need for further teaching? Positions the arm at waist level Palpates the systolic pressure before auscultating blood pressure Centers the blood pressure cuff bladder directly over the brachial artery Wraps the blood pressure cuff firmly around the arm
Positions the arm at waist level Explanation: Positioning the arm above the heart level will give a falsely low reading. Placing the arm below the heart will falsely elevate the reading. All other options are correct steps in achieving an accurate blood pressure.
An older adult client has newly diagnosed stage 2 hypertension. The health care provider has prescribed Chlorothiazide and Benazepril. What will the nurse monitor this client for?
Postural hypotension and resulting injury Antihypertensive medication can cause hypotension, especially postural hypotension that may result in injury. Rebound hypertension occurs when antihypertensive medication is stopped abruptly. Sexual dysfunction may occur, especially with beta blockers, but other medications are available should this problem ensue. This is not immediately a priority concern. Antihypertensive medications do not usually cause postural hypertension.
Which of the following is the nurse most correct to recognize as a direct effect of client hypertension?
Renal dysfunction resulting from atherosclerosis The nurse is most correct to realize high blood pressure damages the arterial vascular system and accelerates atherosclerosis. The effect of the atherosclerosis impairs circulation to the kidney, resulting in renal failure. Neither anemia, hyperglycemia, nor emphysema occurs as a direct effect of hypertension.
The nurse is conducting a service project for a local elderly community group on the topic of hypertension. The nurse will relay that which risk factors and cardiovascular problems are related to hypertension? Select all that apply Smoking Elevated high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol Overweight/obesity Age ≥65 in women Decreased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels
Smoking Overweight/obesity Age ≥65 in women Major risk factors (in addition to hypertension) include smoking, dyslipidemia (high LDL, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), diabetes mellitus, impaired renal function, obesity, physical inactivity, age (younger than 45 years for men, 65 years and older for women), and family history of cardiovascular disease.
Mr. Faulkner is a 69-year-old man who has enjoyed generally good health for his entire adult life. As a result, he has been surprised to receive a new diagnosis of hypertension after a series of visits to his primary care provider. The nurse who is working with Mr. Faulkner should recognize which of the following aspects of aging and hypertension?
The incidence and prevalence of hypertension increase with age. The prevalence of hypertension increases with aging. Aging causes structural and functional changes in the heart and blood vessels, including atherosclerosis and decreased elasticity of the major blood vessels. The diagnostic criteria between older and younger adults do not differ. Older adults are not more immune to the damaging effects of high blood pressure.
An 80-year-old man, newly diagnosed with primary hypertension, has just been started on a beta-blocker. The nurse knows that in addition to teaching the patient about his medication (i.e., side effects, purpose, and schedule), she should also focus her teaching on what?
Use of supportive devices such as hand rails and walkers to prevent falls stemming from postural hypotension Elderly people have impaired cardiovascular reflexes and are more sensitive to postural hypotension. The nurse teaches patients to change positions slowly when moving from lying or sitting positions to a standing position and counsels elderly patients to use supportive devices as necessary to prevent falls that could result from dizziness. Lifestyle changes such as regular physical activity/exercise, and a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products is strongly recommended. Increasing fluids in elderly patients may be contraindicated due to cardiovascular disease, but fluid limitation can also be unsafe.
A 77-year-old client presents to the local community center for a blood pressure (BP) screening; BP is recorded as 180/90 mm Hg. The client has a history of hypertension but currently is not taking the prescribed medications. Which question is most appropriate for the nurse to ask the client first?
"Can you tell me the reasons you aren't taking your medications?" It is important for the nurse to first ascertain why the client is not taking prescribed medications. Adherence to the therapeutic program may be more difficult for older adults. The medication regimen can be difficult to remember, and the expense can be a challenge. Monotherapy (treatment with a single agent), if appropriate, may simplify the medication regimen and make it less expensive. The other questions are appropriate, but the priority is to determine why the medication regimen is not being followed.
An adult patient's blood pressure readings have ranged from 138/92 to 154/100 during the past several weeks. As a result, the patient's nurse practitioner has ordered diagnostic follow-up. Which of the following diagnostic tests should the nurse prioritize when assessing the patient for target organ damage? C-reactive protein (CRP) levels Sodium, chloride, and potassium levels Arterial blood gas (ABG) results Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels Explanation: Nephropathy is a common consequence of hypertension; this problem would be manifested by increased BUN and creatinine levels. Electrolyte levels are also assessed, but these are less sensitive and specific to target organ damage. Abnormal ABGs and CRP levels are not common indicators of target organ damag
The nurse is evaluating the types of medications prescribed for a client's hypertension. Which of the following medication classifications establishes an action on vasoconstrictive hormones in the blood stream? Beta-blocker ACE inhibitor Loop diuretic Calcium channel blocker
ACE inhibitor Explanation: The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor's primary action is to prevent the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstricting hormone in the blood. A beta-blocker blocks the beta-adrenergic receptors decreasing sympathetic nervous system stimulation. Loop diuretics excrete water from the loop of Henle, reducing circulating blood volume. Calcium channel blockers dilate coronary and peripheral arteries.
The nurse is explaining the DASH diet to a client diagnosed with hypertension. The client inquires about how many servings of fruit per day can be consumed on the diet. What is the nurse's best response? 4 or 5 servings per day 7 or 8 servings per day 2 or 3 servings per day 2 or fewer servings per day
4 or 5 servings per day Explanation: The client can consume 4 or 5 servings of fruit per day on the DASH diet. The servings for grains and grain product is 7 or 8. Two or 3 servings of low-fat or fat-free dairy foods can be consumed per day. Meat, fish, and poultry servings are 2 or fewer per day.
What risk factors would cause the nurse to become concerned that the client may have atherosclerotic heart disease? Select all that apply. hypertension diabetes obesity lowered triglyceride levels active lifestyle family history of early cardiovascular events
Correct response: hypertension diabetes obesity family history of early cardiovascular events Risk factors for atherosclerotic heart disease include hypertension, dyslipidemia (including high total, low-density lipoprotein [LDL], and triglyceride levels as well as low high-density lipoprotein [HDL] levels), obesity, diabetes, a family history of early cardiovascular events, metabolic syndrome, a sedentary lifestyle, and obstructive sleep apnea.
Which diagnostic method is recommended to determine whether left ventricular hypertrophy has occurred? Echocardiography Electrocardiography Blood chemistry Blood urea nitrogen
Echocardiography An echocardiogram is recommended method of determining whether hypertrophy has occurred. Electrocardiography and blood chemistry are part of the routine workup. Renal damage may be suggested by elevations in blood urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations.
The nurse is caring for a client with accelerated hypertension. Which body system would the nurse assess to identify early signs of blood pressure progression? Eyes Kidney Heart Musculoskeletal system
Eyes Accelerated hypertension is defined as a markedly elevated blood pressure with symptoms of hemorrhages and exudates in the eyes. If the hypertension is untreated, accelerated hypertension progresses to malignant hypertension with symptoms of papilledema. Long-standing hypertension can produce changes in the kidney, heart, and musculoskeletal system.
A patient newly diagnosed with hypertension asks the nurse what happens when uncontrolled hypertension is prolonged. The nurse explains that a patient with prolonged uncontrolled hypertension is at risk for developing what health problem? Renal failure Right ventricular hypertrophy Glaucoma Anemia
Renal failure Explanation: When uncontrolled hypertension is prolonged, it can result in renal failure, myocardial infarction, stroke, impaired vision, left ventricular hypertrophy, and cardiac failure. Glaucoma and anemia are not associated with hypertension.
A patient newly diagnosed with hypertension asks the nurse what happens when uncontrolled hypertension is prolonged. The nurse explains that a patient with prolonged uncontrolled hypertension is at risk for developing what health problem?
Renal failure When uncontrolled hypertension is prolonged, it can result in renal failure, myocardial infarction, stroke, impaired vision, left ventricular hypertrophy, and cardiac failure. Glaucoma and anemia are not associated with hypertension.
Which finding indicates that hypertension is progressing to target organ damage? Retinal blood vessel damage Urine output of 60 mL over 2 hours Blood urea nitrogen concentration of 12 mg/dL Chest x-ray showing pneumonia
Retinal blood vessel damage Symptoms suggesting that hypertension is progressing to the extent that target organ damage is occurring must be detected early so that appropriate treatment can be initiated. All body systems must be assessed to detect any evidence of vascular damage. An eye examination with an ophthalmoscope is important because retinal blood vessel damage indicates similar damage elsewhere in the vascular system. The client is questioned about blurred vision, spots in front of the eyes, and diminished visual acuity. The heart, nervous system, and kidneys are also carefully assessed. A BUN concentration of 12 mg/dL and urine output of 60 mL over 2 hours are normal findings. The presence of pneumonia does not indicate target organ damage.
Which finding indicates that hypertension is progressing to target organ damage? Retinal blood vessel damage Urine output of 60 mL over 2 hours Blood urea nitrogen concentration of 12 mg/dL Chest x-ray showing pneumon
Retinal blood vessel damage Explanation: Symptoms suggesting that hypertension is progressing to the extent that target organ damage is occurring must be detected early so that appropriate treatment can be initiated. All body systems must be assessed to detect any evidence of vascular damage. An eye examination with an ophthalmoscope is important because retinal blood vessel damage indicates similar damage elsewhere in the vascular system. The client is questioned about blurred vision, spots in front of the eyes, and diminished visual acuity. The heart, nervous system, and kidneys are also carefully assessed. A BUN concentration of 12 mg/dL and urine output of 60 mL over 2 hours are normal findings. The presence of pneumonia does not indicate target organ damage.
A patient with secondary hypertension has come into the clinic for a routine check-up. The nurse is aware that the difference between primary and secondary hypertension is what? Secondary hypertension has a specific cause. Secondary hypertension has a more gradual onset than primary hypertension. Secondary hypertension does not cause target organ damage. Secondary hypertension does not respond to antihypertensive drug therapy.
Secondary hypertension has a specific cause. Secondary hypertension has a specific identified cause. These causes include narrowing of the renal arteries, renal parenchymal disease, hyperaldosteronism, certain medications, pregnancy, and coarctation of the aorta. Secondary hypertension does respond to antihypertensive drug therapy and can cause target organ damage if left untreated.
A 40-year-old man newly diagnosed with hypertension is discussing risk factors with the nurse. The nurse talks about lifestyle changes with the patient and advises that the patient should avoid tobacco use. What is the rationale behind that advice to the patient?
Smoking increases the risk of heart disease. Smoking does not cause high blood pressure, but it does increase the risk for heart disease. A patient with hypertension is already at an increased risk of heart disease. Smoking does not directly cause obesity and it does not increase cardiac outpu
A 40-year-old man newly diagnosed with hypertension is discussing risk factors with the nurse. The nurse talks about lifestyle changes with the patient and advises that the patient should avoid tobacco use. What is the rationale behind that advice to the patient? Smoking directly causes high blood pressure. Smoking increases the risk of heart disease. Smoking causes obesity, which exacerbates hypertension. Smoking increases cardiac output.
Smoking increases the risk of heart disease. Explanation: Smoking does not cause high blood pressure, but it does increase the risk for heart disease. A patient with hypertension is already at an increased risk of heart disease. Smoking does not directly cause obesity and it does not increase cardiac output.
