Contents Statements HUSH '17

Palmer Raids

Part of the Red Scare, these were measures to hunt out political radicals and immigrants who were potential threats to American security; led to the arrest of nearly 5,500 people and the deportation of nearly 400.

Party Bosses

Party leaders, usually in an urban district, who exercised tight control over electioneering and patronage. Most famous was Boss Tweed in New York City

Pendleton Civil Service Act

Passed in 1883, an Act that created a federal civil service so that hiring and promotion would be based on merit rather than patronage.

Republic

People elect who they want to run the country

"Old" Immigration

People who came from Northern and Western Europe before 1890 to settle in North America

Ideas of enlightenment

Philosophical movement from 1714-1818. Brought lots of new ideas. Separation of Church and State, Natural Rights, Social Contract, Separation of powers

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution.

Roosevelt Corrolary

President Theodore Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine in which he asserted the right of the U.S. to intervene in Latin American nations

Election of 1912

Presidential campaign involving Taft, T. Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win

Schenk v. US

Speech that creates a "clear and present danger"--especially during war times--can be limited. Free speech is not "absolute"

Social Gospel Movement

Stressed role of church and religion to improve city life, led by preachers Walter Raushenbusch and Washington Gladen; influenced settlement house movement and Salvation Army

Dollar Diplomacy

Taft's foreign policy Use American dollars in strategic areas of world (Far East, Panama Canal, etc.) Countries would be loyal to U.S. because they need US money Trade would bring prosperity to U.S.

New Tech in WWI

Tanks, U-boats, and machine guns

Results of F-I war

Taxes go up in American colonies, British soldiers stay to make sure no rebellions happen, Colonists couldn't be watched out west so England made it illegal

New Deal

Term used to describe President Franklin Roosevelt's relief, recovery, and reform programs designed to combat the Great Depression

Jazz Age

Term used to describe the image of the liberated, urbanized 1920s, with a flapper as a dominant symbol of that era. Many rural, fundamentalist Americans deeply resented the changes in American culture that occurred in the "Roaring 20s."

5 P's of Expansion

Profit: Industrialization meant need for more resources and markets Must expand to compete with Europe Large amounts of raw materials in Africa, Caribbean, Pacific, Latin America Not enough markets in USA for goods We couldn't buy enough stuff Patriotism: Expansion to assert American power Spread "superior" American culture Social Darwinism "White Man's Burden Protection: Add to economic and political empire you become powerful. Less likely to be attacked. Military strategy Piety:Spread Religion Politics: Politicians must listen to business Businesses want to expand Businesses giving millions to campaigns Expansion allows U.S. to escape divisive (and boring) domestic issues Foreign involvement influenced by yellow journalists

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

19th Amendment

Prohibits the states and the federal government from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex

Nativism

Protecting Interests of native-borns rather the immigrants.

independent republics

Texas and California were the two U.S. States that originally started out as:_____

Jobs Women Preformed in Progressive Era

Textiles factories and jobs men didn't want

Standard of living

Quality of life based on ownership of necessities and luxuries that make life easier.

"Make World Safer for Democracy" during WWI

Reason for entering WWI

Robber Barons

Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

Strike

Refusal to work in order to gain something

Relief, Recovery, Reform

Relief: Immediate action taken to halt the economies deterioration Recovery: Temporary programs to restart the flow of consumer demand Reform: Permanent programs to avoid another depression and insure citizens against economic disaster

Robert LaFollette

Republican Senator from Wisconsin - ran for president under the Progressive Party - proponent of Progressivism and a vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, World War I, and the League of Nations

Poll Taxes

Required citizens of a state to pay a special tax in order to vote. Part of Jim Crow Laws

Big Stick Policy

Roosevelt's philosophy - In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen

Social Contract

Sacrifice individual rights for state protection. Rousseau

Outsourcing

Sending industrial processes out for external production. The term outsourcing increasingly applies not only to traditional industrial functions, but also to the contracting of service industry functions to companies to overseas locations, where operating costs remain relatively low.

Segregation

Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences

Poverty

Inability to meet basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter.

War on Terror

Initiated by President George W. Bush after the attacks of September 11, 2001, the broadly defined war on terror aimed to weed out terrorist operatives and their supporters throughout the world.

Grievance

Injustice; complaint

Red Scare

Intense fear of communism and other politically radical ideas

Judicial Branch

Interprets the laws Article 3

Preamble

Intro to the Declaration of independence. "We the people..."

Speculation

Investment in stocks, property, or other ventures in the hope of gain but with the risk of loss

Triangle Shirtwaist Factorty

It had a big fire in 1911 in New York city that killed over one hundred women and sparked a need for better working conditions.

The "Big Four"

Italy, France, England, and the U.S. 4 powers who met at Versailles to discuss peace

people associated with Harlem Renaissance

James Weldon Johnson (writer and secretary of NAACP), Alain Locke (writer), Zora Neale Hurston (writer), Claude McKay (poet), Countee Cullen (poet), Duke Ellington (musician), Louis Armstrong (trumpeter)

Grandfather Clause

Jim Crow era state laws that discouraged African Americans from voting by saying that if your grandfather couldn't vote, then neither can you. The newly-freed slaves grandfathers couldn't vote, so neither could they. Declared unconstitutional in 1915.

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the first military draft for WWI

Selective Service

Law passed requiring all men ages 21-36 to register for military service

Jim Crow Laws

Laws in the South designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Eugene Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

Hull House

Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.

Confederation

Several groups joining under an alliance

Knights of Labor

Led by Terence V. Powderly; open-membership policy extending to unskilled, semiskilled, women, African-Americans, immigrants; goal was to create a cooperative society between in which labors owned the industries in which they worked

Platt Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

Natural Rights

Life, liberty, and property. John Locke

Great Society

Lyndon Johnson's huge expansion of public programs: Head Start, Job Corps, Medicare, Medicaid, VISTA, Economic Opportunity Act. Like The New Deal and Fair Deal

Cuban Missle Crisis

Major Cold War confrontation in 1962 --> Soviets building missile bases on Cuba, atomic missiles could reach US within minutes. Caused panic. Kennedy put a naval quarantine Ended with US taking their launchers out of Turkey and the bases in Cuba also removed

Legislative Branch

Makes the laws, Article 1

Subversion

Many people worried about communists doing this to the government, a systematic attempt to overthrow a government

Russian Revolution

Massive revolution in 1917 that overthrew the Romanov dynasty in Russia and ended with the seizure of power by communists under the leadership of Lenin

Army-McCarthy Hearings

McCarthy accused army officials of being communist and the hearings were held on nation tv. The American people than realized McCarthy was making things up

Literacy Tests

Method used to deny African-Americans the vote in the South that tested a person's ability to read and write - they were done very unfairly so even though most African-Americans could read and write by the 1950's, they still failed.

Punitive Expedition

Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa raided Columbus, New Mexico on March 9 1916 because of American support for the Mexican government

Great Migration

Migration of African-Americans to the north

Causes of WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism all throughout Europe

Warsaw Pact

Military alliance between the Soviet Union and nations of East Europe, formed in 1955

Immigration

Movement of individuals into a new area.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to rule in favor of Brown. Mainly used court cases to gain rights

NCAI

National Congress of American Indians-worked to get more control of reservation lands, and get land back that was in previous treaties with the US.

Declaration of Independence

Signed in 1776. announces the states are splitting from Britain

Marne River

Site near Paris, France, where Germany's early offensive was halted and thrown back; set the stage for four years of trench warfare on the Western Front.

3/5 compromise

Slaves counted as 3/5 of a person

Use of Airplanes in 1920s

Slim use because very new

NOW

National Organization of Women, 1966, Betty Friedan first president(book Feminine Physique, wanted Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforce its legal mandate to end sex discrimination

NUL

National Urban League-based in New York City. Helped in March on Washington

Monroe Doctrine

No new colonization by Europe in western hemisphere Called Isolationism U.S. stays out of European affairs If Europe attempts to colonize in the west, U.S. would consider it an act of war

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization: 1949 alliance of nations that agreed to band together in the event of war and to support and protect each nation involved

SEATO

South East Asia Treaty Organization. Main goal was to stop the spread of communism in the region.

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference, churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr., was successful with non-violent civil disobedience. Selma march, Birmingham Campaign

Monopoly

One company controls a whole market.

Army Reorganization Bill of 1916

Or National Defense Act of 1916--Called for more war good production

Self-Determination

The ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will

M.A.I.N.

The causes of WWI (Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism all throughout Europe)

Birth Control

The deliberate control of pregnancy and birth

Industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

Standardized Time

The growth of the railroad system led to the creation of standardized time.

Angel Island

The immigration station on the west coast where Asian immigrants, mostly Chinese gained admission to the U.S. at San Francisco Bay.

Federal Reserve System

The nation's central banking system, established in 1913. It divided the country into 12 districts, each with a Federal Reserve bank owned by its member banks. The system was supervised by a Federal Reserve Board appointed by the president

Rust Belt

The northern industrial states of the United States, including Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, in which heavy industry was once the dominant economic activity. In the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, these states lost much of their economic base to economically attractive regions of the United States and to countries where labor was cheaper, leaving old machinery to rust in the moist northern climate.

democratic reforms

right to vote, social security, minimum wage, unemployment insurance

economic

study of how people and societies use limited resources to satisfy unlimited wants; the management of scarcity and choice

Pop Culture

the aspects of current culture that make up its arts and entertainment (such as fads, fashions, art, media, music, movies, sports, advertising, etc.)

"white man's burden"

the belief that the white man had the responsibility of helping spread civlization

Electoral college

the body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice-president, each state gets certain number of votes based on population

Balance of Trade

the difference between a country's total exports and total imports

Commander in Chief

the pres.

Sunbelt

the south region(received a large population boom in 1960s)

John J. Pershing

this American general led a punitive force into Mexico in pursuit of Pancho Villa after Villa's attack on Columbus, NM in 1916. During WWI, he also led the American Expeditionary Forces.

Trade Surplus

when a country exports more than it imports

Mobilization

The readying of troops for war

McCarthyism

The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

Filipino-American War

The war between the United States and the Philippines, 1899-1902, in which the Filipinos, led by Emilio Aquinaldo, unsuccessfully attempted to gain independence from U.S. control and by which the US took the place of Spain and made the Philippines a US colony, based on the argument that the Filipinos were not prepared to govern themselves and would fall victim to another great power if the US did not protect them and train them to become democratic.

Atomic/Nuclear Bomb

They caused an arms race between the Soviet Union and United States throughout the Cold War.

"The Jungle"

This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.

Foraker Act

This act established Puerto Rico as an unorganized U.S. territory. Puerto Ricans were not given U.S. citizenship, but the U.S. president appointed the island's governor and governing council.

Credit Mobilier Scandal

This scandal occurred in the 1870s when a railroad construction company's stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific Railroad for railroad construction for their own personal use. To avoid being convicted, stockholders even used stock to bribe congressional members and the vice president.

Espionage and Sedition Acts

Two laws, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against US participation in WWI

Sun belt

U.S. region, mostly comprised of southeastern and southwestern states, which has grown most dramatically since World War II.

Pearl Harbor

United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. It was attacked on December 7, 1941.

Migrant Workers

Usually Latin American and Mexican minorities who traveled from farm to farm for work--bad paying jobs

National Origins Act

Very restrictive immigration legislation passed in 1924, which lowered immigration to 2 percent of each nationality as found in the 1890 census. This lowered immigration dramatically and, quite intentionally, almost eliminated immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe.

Middle Class in the Gilded Age

Very slim

Union Membership in 1920s

Very slim because of Red Scare

Impact of WWI on Women

WWI helped strengthen cause for women's suffrage, as they replaced men in the workforce and joined the women's branch of U.S. Navy

Cash and carry

WWII policy requiring nations at war to pay cash for all nonmilitary goods and to be responsible for transporting the goods from the U.S.

Russo-Japanese War

War between Russia and Japan TR fears Japan would try to shut U.S. out of Asian markets Japan approaches TR to facilitate peace agreement TR negotiates peace in 1906 Won Nobel Peace Prize

Afghanistan

War in Afganistan caused by the September 11 attacks.

Theodore Roosevelt and Progressivism

Was the "Trust Buster"

Standard of Living (and Wages) of Workers in 1920s

Went up a little but the very wealthy got richer

Loyalty Checks

When Truman, during the second red scare, checked federal employees to make sure they had no connections to communism

Lynching

When a mob kills someone, especially by hanging, for an alleged offense with or without a legal trial

Internment

When the U.S. government, by executive order, put people of Japanese descent, who lived on the west coast, in camps in the middle of America to "keep them safe"

Sarajevo, Bosnia

Where Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were killed

Alfred T. Mahan

Wrote " The Influence of Seapower Upon History" Strong navy key to world dominance and control of sea Influential work that saw U.S. build up its navy

Flappers

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion

National Security

a committee in the executive branch of government that advises the president on foreign and military and national security. Includes president, vice president, and the secretaries of state and defense.

Artificial Heart Valve

a device implanted in the heart of a patient with valvular heart disease. When one of the four heart valves malfunctions, the medical choice may be to replace the natural valve with an artificial valve. This requires open-heart surgery.

Al Qaeda

a network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001

Franchises

a semi-independent business that pays fess to a parent company in return for the exclusive right to sell a certain product or service in a given area(McDonalds)

Great Compromise

agreement providing a dual system of congressional representation

Consumerism

an economy that runs on the spending of the consumer

Catalytic Converters

attached to exhaust systems of cars. reduces toxic emissions from an internal combustion engine by removing pollutants and unburnt hydrocarbons from car exhaust before they enter the atmosphere

Eastern Europe

began to fall to communism after WWII. This made the US begin a policy of containing communism to only the USSR satellite nations.

Passenger Jet Airplanes

changed the face of travel

Globalization

coming together due to business, technology, and science

Television

completely changed how America got news. It became a huge tool for presidential campaign.

"supreme law of the land"

constitution

Middle East

countries in between Africa and Asia

Iraq

country where we look for weapons of mass destruction. Post 9-11 attacks. War in iraq

Organ Transplant

first in 1954

Nuclear Energy

greatly changed the face of war as America and the Soviet Union got into an Arms Race.

TR's Nobel Peace Prize

he helped organize the end to the Russo-Japanese War

Polio Vaccine

huge advancement in technology that can prevent polio created by Dr. Jonas Salk.

Computer

huge sized processors 1800 square feet

Deterrent

The policy of making the military power of the U.S. and its allies so strong that no enemy would attack for fear of retaliation

Collective Security

The principal of mutual military assistance among nations

Space Race

The race between the US and the USSR to get into space first. The USSR had the original success with Sputnik. The US intern created and built up NASA to try to gain science prowess.

Inequity

injustice; unfairness

Baby Boom

large population boom after WWII

USA Patriot Act

law passed due to 9/11 attacks; sought to prevent further terrorist attacks by allowing greater government access to electronic communications and other information; criticized by some as violating civil liberties

Jose Marti

leader of the Cuban rebellion against Spain

education reform

movement to create public schools that would provide basic education for all children

Open-heart bypass

open heart sugery

Emilio Aguinaldo

organized the Filipino Rebellion, to gain independence from the US

Powderkeg of Europe

Balkans, where all of the turbulence that started WWI

Factors that Limited Success of Labor Unions

Because strikes caused lack of industry, the government decided against them.

Anarchy

Belief in no government

Goals of Labor Unions

Better wages, shorter hours, and nicer working condition

Harlem Renaissance

Black literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem that lasted from the 1920s into the early 1930s that both celebrated and lamented black life in America

"Overt Action"

Boats that come close are to be assumed as dangerous.

Thomas Paine- Common sense

Book written in 1776, challenged authority of British rule. Also it persuaded americans to split from Britain

Boxer Rebellion

Boxers: Traditionalists who want U.S. and other countries out of China Killed thousands of of Chinese Christians, missionaries Boxers defeated by Chinese, Philippine, and American army

War bonds

Certificates sold by the United States government to pay for the war.

Veto

Chief executive's power to reject a bill passed by a legislature

urban

Cities, the population in cities decreased after WWII as they moved to the suburbs.

No taxation without representation

Colonists were upset with the taxes because they didn't have a say in British Parliament

Settlement Houses

Community centers located in the slums and near tenements that gave aid to the poor, especially immigrants

Elastic clause

Congress has the authority to do whatever is necessary and proper to carry out its job

Separation of powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

Regulation

Control of the economy by the government to try and keep it doing well

Political Machines

Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads it and attempts to grab more votes for his party.

Tyranny

Cruel and oppressive government or rule

U-Boat

German submarines used in World War I

Patronage

Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

Holywood Ten

Group of movie writers, directors, and producers, who refused to answer HUAC questions about communist ties

Labor Union

Group of workers to reform and protect their interests.

Countries under U.S. control/influence

Guam, Philippines, Puerto Rico

Pure Food and Drug Act

Halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling

Development of the West

Happened after the transcontinental railroad.

Truman Doctorine

Harry Truman's 1947 speech calling for the U.S. to take a leadership role in the world, and declaring that the U.S. would support nations threatened by communism

Gifford Pinchot

Head of U.S. Forest Service under Teddy Roosevelt

Gilded Age Population Trends

High immigration

HUAC

House Un-American Activities Committee: Established in 1938 to investigate disloyalty in the U.S.

Reallocate

How the U.S. government "assigned" certain goods to be made for the war effort

Wage and price controls

How the U.S. government, during WWII, controlled the economy in order to keep the war effort strong

Intervention

How the U.S. interfered in the affairs of Latin American countries

Neutrality

How the U.S. refused to get into the European conflict of WWI

The Rosenbergs

Husband and wife who, in 1950, were accused of spying for the Soviets. The Rosenbergs countered the accusation on the grounds that their Jewish background and leftist beliefs made them easy targets for persecution. In a trial closely followed by the American public, the Rosenbergs were convicted and sentenced to death. They were executed on June 19, 1953.

Graft

Illegal use of political influence for personal gain

"New" Immigration

Immigrants from Southern and Eastern European countries and Asia arriving in the late 1800s

Ellis Island

Immigration processing center that open in New York Harbor in 1892.

Sacco and Vanzetti

In 1920, these two men were convicted of murder and robbery. They were found guilty and died in the electric chair (anarchists)

Assembly Line

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.

Monroe Doctorine

Declaration by President Monroe in 1823 that the U.S. would oppose efforts by any outside power to control a nation in the Western Hemisphere

17th Amendment

Direct Election of Senators

Rationing

Distribution of goods to consumers in a fixed amount

De Lome Letter

Dupuy de Lôme, Spanish Ambassador to the U.S. Criticized President McKinley Called President weak Most in U.S. took it as a dare to stop Spain in Cuba McKinley still refused to attack Spain in Cuba One Cause of Spanish American War

free-market economies

Economic systems in which the market largely determines what goods and services get produced, who gets them, and how the economy grows

Proclamation of 1763

Ended French and Indian War, and drew an imaginary line at the west end of Appalachian mountains

Executive Branch

Enforces the laws, President is Head of this branch, Article 2

Standard Oil

Established in 1870, it was a integrated multinational oil corporation lead by Rockefeller. Refined oil

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history. Not my own words

Radical

Favoring drastic political, economic, or social reforms.

FDIC

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: insured bank deposits

Trench Warfare

Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI.

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

W.E.B. DuBois

Founded NAACP and believed people needed to get civil rights by getting good jobs and getting degrees.

Industrial Workers of the world

Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.

Civil Liberties

Fundamental individual rights. Some of these were trampled upon by the government during the second red scare because of a fear of communism

Lend-Lease

Gave FDR permission to send aid to any nation whose defense was considered vital to the US national security

UFW

"United Farm Workers" - organization of Mexican field hands, gained rights for migrant farm workers. Led by Cesar Chevez

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

Marshall Plan

(1948) massive transfer of aid money to help rebuild postwar Western Europe; was intended to bolster capitalist and democratic governments and prevent domestic communist groups from riding poverty and misery to power; George Marshall

Korean War

(1950-3) A conflict between UN forces (primarily US and S Korea) against North Korea, and later China; Gen. Douglas MacArthur led UN forces and was later replaced by Gen. Ridgeway; Resulted in Korea remaining divided at the 38th parallel.

Osama Bin Laden

(1957-2011) Founder of al Qaeda, the terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001, and other attacks.

Emergency Quota Act

(Johnson Act) 1921- limited immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe to equal 3% of the number of immigrants that country has in the U.S. in 1910

Ku Klux Klan

(KKK) A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

SNCC

(Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)-a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement. Turned radical when Stokely Carmicheal took over

Panama Canal

(TR) , The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.

Roles of V.P

-presides over Senate and votes in case of a tie, replace

Outcomes of WWI

10 million people died and 20 million. The total cost of the war was about $186,333,637,000 (know this exact number), which was forced upon Germany in Treaty of Versailles.

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

National Labor Union

1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers

Garfield Assassination

1881, Charles Guiteau felt entitled to the job as Ambassador to France and decided to kill Garfield to push the positions in office. This in turn, he thought, would bump him up to the ambassador position.

Wabash Case

1886 supreme court case that decreed that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce

American Federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hours, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

Interstate Commerce Act

1887 law passed to regulate railroad and other interstate businesses

Meat Inspection Act

1906 - Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.

Muller v. Oregon

1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914 act designed to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890; certain activities previously committed by big businesses, such as not allowing unions in factories and not allowing strikes, were declared illegal.

Years of WWI

1914-1918

Jones Act

1916 - Promised Philippine independence. Given freedom in 1917, their economy grew as a satellite of the U.S. Filipino independence was not realized for 30 years.

Zimmerman Note

1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile

Compulsory Education Laws

1918 act that required all children to attend school

Cold War

1945-1991 period of large tension between the United States and The Soviet Union. Mostly over the increasing threat of atomic attack. The United States also tried to end the spread of communism.

Lyndon Johnson

1963-1969, Democrat , signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Requirements for being president

35+ years old, living in us for 14+ years, and must be a natural born citizen

Articles in constitution

7 articles. 1 Legislative, 2 executive, 3 judicial, 4 state powers, 5 amendments, 6 debts and supremacy, 7 ratification

Plessy v. Ferguson

A 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal (separate but equal)

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Soviet Union

A Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that existed from 1922 to 1991.

Pancho Villa

A Mexican peasant rebel leader who sought to overthrow the Mexican government and stop Venustiano Carranza from taking it over first, gathering an army in Northern Mexico and, in anger at President Wilson's support of Carranza, eventually terrorized Americans in Mexico and burned Columbus, New Mexico.

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Scopes Trial

A Tennessee teacher was convicted for teaching evolution in schools

Containment

A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances

Socialist

A belief in a social government--no capitalism--and economics should be maintained by community.

UN Security Council

A body of five great powers which makes decisions about international peace and security including the dispatch of UN peacekeeping forces, must be unanimous

Arms Race

A competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons, especially between the US and the former Soviet Union during the Cold War.

National Health Insurance

A compulsory insurance program for all Americans that would have the government finance citizens' medical care. First proposed by President Harry S. Truman, the plan was soundly opposed by the American Medical Association.

protectorate

A country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power.

Superpower

A country with enough military, political, and economic power to influence other countries.

Constitution

A document that embodies the fundamental laws and principles by which the United States is governed

Treaty

A formal agreement to stop a war

Taliban

A fundamentalist Muslim movement whose militia took control of much of Afghanistan from early 1995, and in 1996 took Kabul and set up a radical Islamic state. The movement was forcibly removed from power by the US and its allies after the September 11, 2001, attacks

Unskilled Worker

A general worker who can perform any job that requires no special knowledge or skill.

Teapot Dome Scandal

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921 (Harding)

Laissez-faire

A government that plays a "hands off" role in economics.

Trust

A group of corporations formed together to keep prices constant between them.

political

A group of individuals with broad common interests who organize to nominate candidates for office, win elections, conduct government, and determine public policy

Muckrakers

A group of investigative reporters who pointed out the abuses of big business and the corruption of urban politics; included Jacob (How the Other Half Lives) and Upton Sinclair (The Jungle)

colony

A group of people in one place who are ruled by a parent country elsewhere.

Earth Day

A holiday conceived of by environmental activist and Senator Gaylord Nelson to encourage support for and increase awareness of environmental concerns; first celebrated on March 22, 1970

George Creel

A journalists who was the head of the Committee of Public Information. He helped the anti-German movement as well as inspired patriotism in America during the war.

Hawley-Smoot Act

A law passed by congress at the beginning of the depression which raised the taxes on imported goods to the highest level in history

Blacklist

A list of 500 actors, writers; producers; and directors who were not allowed to work on Hollywood flims b/c of the alleged Communist connections

Central Powers

A military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire.

Triple Entente

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.

Migration

A movement from one country or region to another

Social Welfare

A nation's system of programs, benefits, and services that help people meet those social, economic, educational, and health needs that are fundamental to the maintenance of society.

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.

Isolationism

A policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries.

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.(John Hay)

Communism

A political and economic system where factors of production are collectively owned and directed by the state.

communism

A political and economic system where factors of production are collectively owned and directed by the state.

Tammany Hall

A political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism

Chinese Communist Revolution

A political revolution in China led by Mao Zedong. After several years of fighting the Kuomintang, the communists won control of the country in 1949

Initiative

A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment.

Recall

A procedure for submitting to popular vote the removal of officials from office before the end of their term.

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.

Scab

A replacement for a fired worker.

Speakeasy

A saloon or nightclub selling alcoholic beverages illegally, especially during Prohibition.

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

Transistor

A small electronic device used in a circuit as an amplifier or switch.

Environmentalism

A social movement dedicated to protecting the earth's life support systems for us and other species.

Social Darwinism

A social theory which states bigger companies will weed out the smaller, less powerful companies (diction)

Referendum

A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Tolitarianism

A system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state.

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to check the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Genetic Engineering

A technology that includes the process of manipulating or altering the genetic material of a cell resulting in desirable functions or outcomes that would not occur naturally.

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Limited War

A war in which a country doesn't use all of their resources

Vietnamization

A war policy in Vietnam initiated by Nixon in June of 1969. This strategy called for dramatic reduction of U.S. troops followed by an increased injection of S. Vietnamese troops in their place. A considerable success, this plan allowed for a drop in troops to 24,000 by 1972. . This policy became the cornerstone of the so-called "Nixon Doctrine".

Skilled Worker

A worker who has special abilities or training.

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

Advertising

A written or spoken media message designed to interest consumers in purchasing a product or service.

Immigration Act of 1965

Abolished the national-origins quotas and providing for the admission each year of 170,000 immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere

Horizontal Integration

Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level. Monopoly

Terrorism

Acts of violence designed to promote a specific ideology or agenda by creating panic among an enemy population

Roosevelt Corollary

Added to the Monroe Doctrine TR stated that the US would use force to protect the economic interests of Latin America Money is now used to justify US involvement in Latin America.

Assimilation

Adopting the traits of another culture. Often happens over time when one immigrates into a new country.

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality. He also founded Tuskegee Institute

AIM

American Indian Movement, a frequently militant organization formed in 1968 to work for Native American rights. They demanded that Native American lands, burial grounds, and fishing and timber rights be restored.

Woodrow Wilson

American President who sought to keep America out of global conflict. After WWI, he developed the league of nations and proposed the 14 points.

Dough Boys

American soldiers during WWI

Capitalism

An economic system based on private property and free enterprise.

Trade Deficit

An excess of imports over exports

J.P. Morgan

An influential banker and businessman who bought and reorganized companies. His US Steel company would buy Carnegie steel and become the largest business in the world in 1901.

United Nations

An international peacekeeping organization started after WWII in attempt to stop war before it started

Stock Market

Another leading component to the start of the Great Depression. The stock became very popular in the 1920's, then in 1929 in took a steep downturn and many lost their money and hope they had put in to the stock.

Service Industry

Any kind of economic activity that produces a service rather than a product

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria Hungary assassinated by a Serbian in 1914. His murder sparked WWI.

Anti-Imperialism

Argued expansion violated U.S. idea of self-determination: your ability to stand alone Avoid foreign alliances Washington's Farewell Address Would require increased spending to build up and maintain strong navy

Treaty of Paris of 1898

Armistice w/ Spain in August ended war; recognized indp of Cuba, ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to US, accepted Manila (Philippines) occupation; US paid $20 mil for Philippines-- fierce resistance in US to ratification,

Teller Amendment

As Americans were preparing for war with Spain over Cuba in 1898, this Senate measure stated that under no circumstances would the United States annex Cuba.

Latin America

The US passed the good Neighbor policy to say we wouldn't interfere with Latin American affairs. Communism spread to Cuba.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another

Gentlemen's Agreement

Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japanese men already living in the US to join them.

Bootlegging

Alcoholic liquor unlawfully made, sold, or transported, without registration or payment of taxes.

Triple Alliance

Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I.

Allied Powers

Alliance during WWI (America, France, Great Britain, and Soviet Union)

Impact of WWI on African Americans

Allowed them to go to war and/or move North to get jobs that had been left.

16th Amendment

Allows the federal government to collect income tax

Munn v. Illinois

The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation.

Virginia plan

proposal to create a strong national government

New Jersey Plan

proposal to create a weak national government