Chapter 39: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance PrepU
The nurse is preparing to administer granulocytes to a client admitted with a severe infection. Which teaching by the nurse is most appropriate?
"Granulocytes are a type of white blood cell that can help fight infection." Granulocytes are a type of white blood cell that are used to fight infection. All other options are incorrect statements related to granulocytes.
The nurse is calculating an infusion rate for the following order: Infuse 1000 ml of 0.9% Na Cl over 12 hours using an electronic infusion device. What is the infusion rate?
83 ml/hour When calculating the infusion rate with an electronic device, divide the total volume to be infused (1000 ml) by the total amount of time in hours (8). This is 83 ml/hour. Other options are incorrect.
An older adult has fluid volume deficit and needs to consume more fluids. Which approach by the nurse demonstrates gerontologic considerations?
Offer small amounts of preferred beverage frequently. Rather than asking older adults if they would like a drink, it is important to identify their preferences and offer small amounts of their preferred liquids at frequent intervals. This intervention will assist in keeping oral mucosa moist and providing hydration needs.
Potassium is needed for neural, muscle, and:
cardiac function. Potassium is essential for normal cardiac, neural, and muscle function and contractility of all muscles.
During a blood transfusion of a client, the nurse observes the appearance of rash and flushing in the client, although the vital signs are stable. Which intervention should the nurse perform for this client first?
Stop the transfusion immediately. The nurse needs to stop the transfusion immediately. The nurse should prepare to give an antihistamine because these signs and symptoms are indicative of an allergic reaction to the transfusion, infuse saline at a rapid rate, and administer oxygen if the client shows signs of incompatibility.
A physician orders an infusion of 250 mL of NS in 100 minutes. The set is 20 gtt/mL. What is the flow rate?
50 gtt/min The flow rate (gtt/min) equals the volume (mL) times the drop factor (gtt/mL) divided by the time in minutes.
Which nursing diagnosis would the nurse make based on the effects of fluid and electrolyte imbalance on human functioning?
Acute Confusion related to cerebral edema Edema in and around the brain increases intracranial pressure, leading to the likelihood of confusion. Constipation related to immobility, Pain related to surgical incision, Risk for Infection related to inadequate personal hygiene are nursing diagnoses that have no connection to fluid and electrolyte imbalance.
The nurse is caring for a client, who was admitted after falling from a ladder. The client has a brain injury which is causing the pressure inside the skull to increase, which may result in a lack of circulation and possible death to brain cells. Considering this information, which intravenous solution would be most appropriate?
Hypertonic Because a hypertonic solution has a greater osmolarity, water moves out of the cells and is drawn into the intravascular compartment, causing the cells to shrink. Because of a lower osmolarity, a hypotonic solution in the intravascular space moves out of the intravascular space and into intracellular fluid, causing cells to swell and possibly burst. An isotonic fluid remains in the intravascular compartment. Plasma is an isotonic solution.
The nurse is caring for a client whose blood type is A negative. Which donor blood type does the nurse confirm as compatible for this client?
O negative Type O blood is considered the universal donor because it lacks both A and B blood group markers on its cell membrane. Therefore, type O blood can be given to anyone because it will not trigger an incompatibility reaction when given to recipients with other blood types. Rh-negative persons should never receive Rh-positive blood.
Edema happens when there is which fluid volume imbalance?
extracellular fluid volume excess When excess fluid cannot be eliminated, hydrostatic pressure forces some of it into the interstitial space.
A client reports she has lactose intolerance and questions the nurse about alternative sources of calcium. What options can be provided by the nurse?
Spinach Sardines, whole grains, and green leafy vegetables also provide calcium.
The nurse working at the blood bank is speaking with potential blood donor clients. Which client statement requires nursing intervention?
"I received a blood transfusion in the United Kingdom." Because blood is one possible mode of transmitting prions from animals to humans and humans to humans, the collection of blood is banned from anyone who has lived in the UK for a total of 3 months or longer since 1980, lived anywhere in Europe for a total of 6 months since 1980, or received a blood transfusion in the UK. The other statements do not require nursing intervention.
A nurse is reviewing the dietary intake of a client prescribed a potassium-sparing diuretic. The client tells the nurse that he had a banana, yogurt, and bran cereal for breakfast and a turkey sandwich with a glass of milk for lunch. The intake of which food would be a cause for concern?
Banana
The student nurse asks, "what it interstitial fluid?" What is the appropriate nursing response?
"Fluid in the tissue space between and around cells." Intracellular fluid (fluid inside cells) represents the greatest proportion of water in the body. The remaining body fluid is extracellular fluid (fluid outside cells). Extracellular fluid is further subdivided into interstitial fluid (fluid in the tissue space between and around cells) and intravascular fluid (the watery plasma, or serum, portion of blood).
A nursing instructor is explaining the difference between infiltration and phlebitis to a student. Which statement is most appropriate?
"Infiltration occurs when IV fluid escapes into the tissue, while phlebitis is inflammation of the vein."
The nurse is caring for a client who will be undergoing surgery in several weeks. The client states, "I would like to give my own blood to be used in case I need it during surgery." What is the appropriate nursing response?
"Let me refer you to the blood bank so they can provide you with information." Referring the client to a blood bank is the appropriate response. Most blood given to clients comes from public donors. In some cases, when a person anticipates the potential need for blood in the near future or when procedures are used to reclaim blood from wound drainage, the client's own blood may be re-infused.
What is the rate of administration for packed red blood cells?
1 unit over 2 to 3 hours, no longer than 4 hours Packed red blood cells are administered 1 unit over 2 to 3 hours for no longer than 4 hours. Answer A describes platelets, answer C represents cryoprecipitate, and answer D describes fresh-frozen plasma.
The nurse is monitoring intake and output (I&O;) for a client who has diarrhea. What will the nurse document as input on the I&O;record? (Select all that apply.)
100 mL from melted ice chips serving of jello infusion of intravenous solution cup of ice cream The nurse will document all fluid intake and fluid loss. This includes drinking liquids and intravenous fluids. The liquid equivalent of melted ice chips is fluid intake. Foods that are liquid by the time they are swallowed, such as gelatin, ice cream, and thin cooked cereal, are documented as fluid intake. A bowl of chili is a solid food as is a barbecue sandwich. While the amount eaten may be documented in the chart, it is not part of the fluid intake.
The nurse works at an agency that automatically places certain clients on intake and output (I&O). For which client will the nurse document all I&O?
55-year old with congestive heart failure on furosemide Agencies often specify the types of clients that are placed automatically on I&O. Generally, they include clients who have undergone surgery until they are eating, drinking, and voiding in sufficient quantities; those on IV fluids or receiving tube feedings; those with wound drainage or suction equipment; those with urinary catheters; and those on diuretic drug therapy. The client with congestive heart failure that is on a diuretic should have I&O documented. The other clients do not require the nurse to document all I&O.
The nurse is caring for a client with severe edema who has crackles in the lungs. Which nursing intervention is the priority for this client?
Administer furosemide as ordered. Control of edema, and thus restoration of fluid balance, can be accomplished by treating the disorder contributing to the increased fluid volume, restricting or limiting oral fluids, reducing salt consumption, discontinuing IV fluid infusions or reducing the infusing volume, and/or administering drugs that promote urine elimination. The priority is to administer the furosemide, as this will decrease the fluid volume and decrease the crackles in the lungs.
A home care nurse is teaching a client and family about the importance of a balanced diet. The nurse determines that the education was successful when the client identifies which of the following as a rich source of potassium?
Apricots Apricots are a rich source of potassium. Dairy products are rich sources of calcium. Processed meat and bread products provide sodium.
The nurse is caring for elderly patients in a long-term care facility. What age-related alteration should the nurse consider when planning care for these patients?
Cardiac volume intolerance The elderly patient is more likely to experience cardiac volume intolerance related to the heart having less efficient pumping ability. The elderly typically experience a decreased sense of thirst, loss of nephrons, and decreased renal blood flow.
A patient's recent health history suggests that she may be fluid overloaded. Which of the nurse's following assessment findings is most consistent with this?
Crackles are audible on posterior chest auscultation. Pulmonary edema can result from fluid overload. Elevated urine specific gravity, reduced skin turgor, and hypotension are more consistent with dehydration.
A 70-year-old client is scheduled for a colonoscopy and is prescribed a bowel preparation solution. The nurse would be alert for which potential imbalance? Select all that apply.
Hypokalemia Hypocalcemia Hyperphosphatemia Older adults are at increased risk for electrolyte imbalances during and after bowel preparation for procedures such as a colonoscopy or barium enema. Research has shown that bowel preparation solutions in clients over age 65 years are associated with vascular volume deficit, hyperphosphatemia, hypokalemia, and hypocalcemia.
The nursing student's assessment has revealed that a patient has dependent edema in his lower legs. The student recognizes that this is caused by alterations in ECF, which is normally present in what location?
Interstitial spaces ECF is found between the cells in the interstitial space. ICF is located within cells, such as muscle fibers, red blood cells, and adipose tissue.
The nurse is caring for a client whose blood type is B negative. Which donor blood type does the nurse confirm as compatible for this client?
O negative Type O blood is considered the universal donor because it lacks both A and B blood group markers on its cell membrane. Therefore, type O blood can be given to anyone because it will not trigger an incompatibility reaction when given to recipients with other blood types. B positive, A positive, and AB negative are not considered compatible in this scenario.
A client's most recent blood work indicates a K+ level of 7.2 mEq/L (7.2 mmol/L), a finding that constitutes hyperkalemia. For what signs and symptoms should the nurse vigilantly monitor?
cardiac irregularities Hyperkalemia compromises the normal functioning of the sodium-potassium pump and action potentials. The most serious consequence of this alteration in homeostasis is the risk for potentially fatal cardiac dysrhythmias.
The nurse is preparing to perform venipuncture. Which items will the nurse plan to gather? (Select all that apply.)
clean gloves tourniquet antiseptic swabs transparent dressing adhesive tape The nurse will gather clean gloves, a tourniquet, antiseptic swabs to cleanse the skin, a transparent dressing to cover the puncture site, and adhesive tape to secure the venipuncture device and tubing. Antibiotic and antimicrobial ointments should not be used at the site because these may promote fungal infections or antibiotic resistance.
The nurse is caring for a client who was found after spending 2 days without food or water in the desert and was admitted through the emergency department. The client is severely dehydrated. What are reasons why the human body requires fluid? Select all that apply.
facilitates cellular metabolism helps maintain normal body temperature acts as a solvent for electrolytes Water in the body functions primarily to provide a medium for transporting nutrients to cells and wastes from cells; to provide a medium for transporting substances such as hormones, enzymes, blood platelets, and red and white blood cells throughout the body; to facilitate cellular metabolism and proper cellular chemical functioning; to act as a solvent for electrolytes and nonelectrolytes; to help maintain normal body temperature; to facilitate digestion and promote elimination; and to act as a tissue lubricant. Water does not, by itself, provide hydrogen or glucose.
A student nurse is selecting a venipuncture site for an adult client. Which action by the student would cause the nurse to intervene?
placing the tourniquet on the upper arm for 2 minutes The tourniquet should not be applied for longer than 1 minute, as this allows for stasis of blood that can lead to clotting and also creates prolonged discomfort for the client. Other options are correct techniques when preparing for venipuncture.
A client who recently had surgery is bleeding. What blood product does the nurse anticipate administering for this client?
platelets Platelets are administered to restore or improve the ability to control bleeding. Granulocytes are used to overcome or treat infection. Albumin is used to pull third spaced fluid by increasing colloidal osmotic pressure. Cryoprecipitate is used to treat clotting disorders like hemophilia.
An intravenous hypertonic solution containing dextrose, proteins, vitamins, and minerals is known as:
total parenteral nutrition.
The nurse is teaching a healthy adult client about adequate hydration. How much average daily intake does the nurse recommend?
2,500 mL/day In healthy adults, fluid intake generally averages approximately 2,500 mL/day, but it can range from 1,800 to 3,000 mL/day with a similar volume of fluid loss. 1,000 mL/day and 1,500 mL/day are too low, and 3,500 mL/day is too high.
A healthy client eats a regular, balanced diet and drinks 3,000 mL of liquids during a 24-hour period. In evaluating this client's urine output for the same 24-hour period, the nurse realizes that it should total approximately how many mL?
3,000 Fluid intake and fluid output should be approximately the same in order to maintain fluid balance. Any other amount could lead to a fluid volume excess or deficit.
A nurse is assessing the central venous pressure of a client who has a fluid imbalance. Which reading would the nurse interpret as suggesting an ECF volume deficit?
3.5 cm H2O The normal pressure is approximately 4 to 11 cm H2O. An increase in the pressure, such as a reading of 12 cm H2O may indicate an ECF volume excess or heart failure. A decrease in pressure, such as 3.5 cm H2O, may indicate an ECF volume deficit.
A physician has asked the nurse to use microdrip tubing to administer a prescribed dosage of IV solution to a client. What is the standard drop factor of microdrip tubing?
60 drops/mL Microdrip tubing, regardless of manufacturer, delivers a standard volume of 60 drops/mL. Macrodrip tubing manufacturers, however, have not been consistent in designing the size of the opening. Therefore, the nurse must read the package label to determine the drop factor (number of drops/mL).
Which client will have more adipose tissue and less fluid?
A woman
A client with a diagnosis of colon cancer has opted for a treatment plan that will include several rounds of chemotherapy. What vascular access device is most likely to meet this client's needs?
An implanted central venous access device (CVAD) Implanted CVADs are ideal for long-term uses such as chemotherapy. The short-term nature of peripheral IVs, and the fact that they are sited in small-diameter vessels, makes them inappropriate for the administration of chemotherapy.
The hospital's laboratory has phoned the nurse to report a patient's potassium level of 2.3 mmol/L. After promptly informing the primary care provider, the nurse should prioritize what assessment?
Assessment of heart rate and rhythm Hypokalemia can cause severe and potentially fatal arrhythmias. Neurological and respiratory status are less commonly affected. Changes in muscle tone and reflexes occur, but these do not pose an immediate threat to the patient's health.
Which is a common anion?
Chloride Chloride is a common anion, which is a negatively charged ion. Magnesium, potassium, and calcium are cations, or positively charged ions.
The nurse is monitoring a blood transfusion for a client with anemia. Five minutes after the transfusion begins, the client reports feeling short of breath and itchy. What is the priority nursing action?
Stop the transfusion. Life-threatening transfusion reactions generally occur within the first 5 to 15 minutes of the infusion, so the nurse or someone designated by the nurse usually remains with the client during this critical time. Whenever a transfusion reaction is suspected or identified, the nurse's first step is to stop the transfusion, thereby limiting the amount of blood to which the client is exposed. Reassuring the client will not help if the client is experiencing a blood reaction. Increasing the rate of the administration will make the potential reaction worse, if this is a transfusion reaction. Listening to the client's lungs is not the priority action.
The nurse writes a nursing diagnosis of "Fluid Volume: Excess." for a client. What risk factor would the nurse assess in this client?
renal failure Excess fluid volume may result from increased fluid intake or from decreased excretion, such as occurs with progressive renal disease. Excessive use of laxatives, diaphoresis, and increased cardiac output may lead to a fluid volume deficit.
A decrease in arterial blood pressure will result in the release of:
renin. Decreased arterial blood pressure, decreased renal blood flow, increased sympathetic nerve activity, and/or low-salt diet can stimulate renin release.
The primary extracellular electrolytes are:
sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate. The primary extracellular electrolytes are sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate.
A nurse monitoring a client's IV infusion auscultates the client's lung sounds and finds crackles in the bases of lungs that were previously clear. What would be the appropriate intervention in this situation?
Notify the primary care provider immediately for possible fluid overload. If the client's lung sounds were previously clear but some crackles in the bases are now auscultated, notify the primary care provider immediately. The client may be exhibiting signs of fluid overload. Be prepared to tell the health care provider what the past intake and output totals were, as well as the vital signs and pulse oximetry findings of the client.
The nurse, along with a nursing student, is caring for Mrs. Roper, who was admitted with dehydration. The student asks the nurse where most of the body fluid is located. The nurse should answer with which fluid compartment?
Intracellular Intracellular is the fluid within cells, constituting about 70% of the total body water. Extracellular is all the fluid outside the cells, accounting for about 30% of the total body water. Interstitial fluid is part of the extracellular compartment. Intravascular is also part of the extracellular compartment.
A nurse is assessing a client and suspects an ECF volume excess. Which finding would the nurse identify as being most significant?
weight gain of 0.75 kg in a day Although increased blood pressure, bounding pulse, and distended neck veins are signs of ECF volume excess, rapid weight gain (more than 0.5 kg per day) is the most significant symptom indicating ECF volume excess. A weight gain of 1 kg reflects retention of 1 L of ECF. Additionally, because the veins are very distensible, large volumes of fluid can be retained without any increase in blood pressure or changes in pulse or neck veins.
The nurse is caring for a male client who has a diagnosis of heart failure. Today's laboratory results show a serum potassium of 3.2 mEq/L (3,2 mmol/L). For what complications should the nurse be aware, related to the potassium level?
Cardiac dysrhythmias Typical signs of hypokalemia include muscle weakness and leg cramps, fatigue, paresthesias, and dysrhythmias. Pulmonary emboli and fluid volume excess are not related to a low potassium level. Tetany can be a result of low calcium or high phosphorus but is not related to potassium levels.
A nurse is required to initiate IV therapy for a client. Which should the nurse consider before starting the IV?
Ensure that the prescribed solution is clear and transparent. Before preparing the solution, the nurse should inspect the container and determine that the solution is clear and transparent, the expiration date has not elapsed, no leaks are apparent, and a separate label is attached. The primary tubing should be approximately 110 inches (2.8 m) long and the secondary tubing should be about 37 inches (94 cm) long. To reduce the potential for infection, IV solutions are replaced every 24 hours even if the total volume has not been completely instilled.
An elderly patient has been admitted to the emergency department after being found in her apartment 3 days after falling and being unable to move. What IV solution is most likely to meet the patient's short-term hydration and electrolyte needs?
Lactated Ringer Lactated Ringer is a solution containing sodium chloride, potassium, calcium, and bicarbonate in concentrations similar to plasma. It is commonly used for short-term support. None of the other listed solutions provides the range of electrolytes.
A client has been receiving intravenous (IV) fluids that contain potassium. The IV site is red and there is a red streak along the vein that is painful to the client. What is the priority nursing action?
Remove the IV. The client likely has phlebitis, which is caused by prolonged use of the same vein or irritating fluid. Potassium is known to be irritating to the veins. The priority action is to remove the IV and restart another IV using a different vein. The other actions are appropriate, but should occur after the IV is removed.
A nursing student is teaching a healthy adult client about adequate hydration. Which statement by the client indicates understanding of adequate hydration?
"I should drink 2500 mL/day of fluid." In healthy adults, fluid intake generally averages approximately 2500 mL/day, but it can range from 1800 to 3000 mL/day with a similar volume of fluid loss.
A client who is receiving total parenteral nutrition and lipids asks the nurse why the solution looks like milk. What is the most appropriate nursing response?
"The white milky solution contains lipids or fat to provide extra calories." A parenteral lipid emulsion is a mixture of water and fats in the form of soybean or safflower oil, egg yolk phospholipids, and glycerin. Lipid solutions, which look milky white, are given intermittently with TPN solutions. They provide additional calories and promote adequate blood levels of fatty acids. Lipids cannot be mixed with TPN, as the lipid molecules tend to break or separate. All other options are incorrect.
Which of the following statements is an appropriate nursing diagnosis for an client 80 years of age diagnosed with congestive heart failure, with symptoms of edema, orthopnea, and confusion?
Extracellular Volume Excess related to heart failure, as evidenced by edema and orthopnea Extracellular volume excess is the state in which a person experiences an excess of vascular and interstitial fluid.
Miss Roberts is admitted to the unit with a diagnosis of three days of continuous vomiting. You would suspect which of the following acid/base imbalances related to the loss of stomach acid?
Metabolic alkalosis Metabolic alkalosis is associated with an excess of HCO3, a decrease in H+ ions, or both, in the ECF. This may be the result of excessive acid losses or increased base ingestion or retention. Loss of stomach acid may result in this condition. Metabolic acidosis is a proportionate deficit of bicarbonate in ECF. The deficit can occur as the result of an increase in acid components or an excessive loss of bicarbonate.
An older adult has been admitted to the hospital with an infection of Norovirus that has resulted in severe vomiting and diarrhea. The nurse should recognize that this patient is at risk for which of the following imbalances? Select all that apply.
Metabolic alkalosis Hypovolemia Hypokalemia Vomiting can cause dehydration/hypovolemia, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis through loss of fluid, gastric acid, and potassium. Hypoparathyroidism is an endocrine disorder and is unrelated to fluid losses. Vomiting does not cause increased calcium levels.
The nurse is monitoring a blood transfusion for a client with anemia. Five minutes after the transfusion begins, the client reports feeling short of breath and itchy. What is the priority nursing action?
Stop the transfusion. Life-threatening transfusion reactions generally occur within the first 5 to 15 minutes of the infusion, so the nurse or someone designated by the nurse usually remains with the client during this critical time. Whenever a transfusion reaction is suspected or identified, the nurse's first step is to stop the transfusion, thereby limiting the amount of blood to which the client is exposed. All other options should occur after the transfusion is stopped.
The nurse is monitoring intake and output (I&O;) for a client who recently had surgery. Which client actions will the nurse document on the I&O;record? (Select all that apply.)
drinking milk urination vomiting infusion of intravenous solution The nurse will document all fluid intake and fluid loss. This includes drinking liquids, urination, vomitus, and fluid infusion. Ingested solids, such as a sandwich, are not included in the intake and output.
A client loses consciousness after strenuous exercise and needs to be admitted to a health care facility. The client is diagnosed with dehydration. The nurse knows that the client needs restoration of:
electrolytes. The nurse knows that the client's electrolytes need to be restored. Rehydration after exercise can only be achieved if the electrolytes lost in sweat, as well as the lost water, are replaced. The client does not need to have non-electrolytes, colloid solution, or interstitial fluid restored. Non-electrolytes are chemical compounds that remain bound together when dissolved in a solution. Interstitial fluid is the fluid in the tissue space between and around cells. Colloids are substances that do not dissolve into a true solution and do not pass through a semipermeable membrane.
The nurse is preparing to administer fluid replacement to a client. Which action related to intravenous therapy does the nurse identify as out of scope nursing practice?
ordering type of solution, additive, amount of infusion, and duration The nurse prepares the solution for administration, performs a venipuncture, regulates the rate of administration, monitors the infusion, and discontinues the administration when fluid balance is restored. The healthcare provider, not the nurse, specifies the type of solution, additional additives, the volume (in mL), and the duration of the infusion.
Upon assessment of a client's peripheral intravenous site, the nurse notices the area is red and warm. The client complains of pain when the nurse gently palpates the area. These signs and symptoms indicative of:
phlebitis. Phlebitis is a local infection at the site of an intravenous catheter. Signs and symptoms include redness, pus, warmth, induration, and pain. A systemic infection includes manifestations such as chills, fever, tachycardia, and hypotension. An infiltration involves manifestations such as swelling, coolness, and pallor at the catheter insertion site. Rapid fluid administration can result in fluid overload, and manifestations may include an elevated blood pressure, edema in the tissues, and crackles in the lungs.
A mother of an infant calls the pediatric nurse and asks which fluids she should provide her baby since he is suffering from diarrhea. The nurse would inform the mother not to give:
bottled water.
The nurse is assessing a newly admitted client and finds that he has edema of his right ankle that is 2 mm and just perceptible. The nurse documents this at which grade?
1+ The edema in the client should be graded as 1+, which means that the edema is just perceptible and of 2 mm dimension. A measurement of 2+ or 3+ indicates moderate edema of 4 to 6 mm. A measurement of 4+ indicates severe edema of 8 mm or more.
An older adult client with dehydration repeatedly tells the nurse, "I am just not thirsty. I don't want anything to drink." Which nursing actions are appropriate? (Select all that apply.)
Identify fluid preferences. Offer fluids at times other than meals. Offer small amounts of preferred liquids frequently. Older adults may need to be encouraged to drink fluids, even at times when they do not feel thirsty, because age-related changes may diminish the sensation of thirst. Rather than asking older adults if they would like a drink, it is important to identify their preferences and offer small amounts of their preferred liquids at frequent intervals. To maintain adequate consumption of nutrients, it is best to offer fluids to older adults at times other than meals. Encourage older adults to drink noncaffeinated beverages because of the diuretic effect of caffeine or to replace the volume of caffeinated beverages by consuming the same volume of noncaffeinated fluids per day. The nurse should never initiate intravenous fluid replacement without an order.
Mr. Jones is admitted to your unit from the emergency department with a diagnosis of hypokalemia. His laboratory results show a serum potassium of 3.2 mEq/L (3.2 mmol/L). For what manifestations will you be alert?
Muscle weakness, fatigue, and dysrhythmias Typical signs of hypokalemia include muscle weakness and leg cramps, fatigue, paresthesias, and dysrhythmias. Manifestations of hypercalcemia include nausea, vomiting, constipation, bone pain, excessive urination, thirst, confusion, lethargy, and slurred speech. Diminished cognitive ability and hypertension may result from hyperchloremia. Constipation is a sign of hypercalcemia.
Which client has more extracellular fluid?
Newborn Newborns have more extracellular fluid than intracellular fluid.
The oncoming nurse is assigned to the following clients. Which client should the nurse assess first?
a newly admitted 88-year-old with a 2-day history of vomiting and loose stools Young children, older adults, and people who are ill are especially at risk for hypovolemia. Fluid volume deficit can rapidly result in a weight loss of 5% in adults and 10% in infants. A 5% weight loss is considered a pronounced fluid deficit; an 8% loss or more is considered severe. A 15% weight loss caused by fluid deficiency usually is life threatening. It is important to ambulate after surgery, but this can be addressed after assessment of the 88-year-old. The stable MI client presents no emergent needs at the present. The pain is important to address and should be addressed next or simultaneously (asking a colleague to give pain med).
Major control over the extracellular concentration of potassium within the human body is exerted by:
aldosterone. Aldosterone exerts major control over the extracellular concentration of potassium. It also enhances renal secretion of potassium.
The passageways of the kidney permit the urine to flow to the bladder and:
selectively reabsorb or secrete substance to maintain fluids and electrolytes. The capillaries of the glomerulus are porous, and, as the blood passes through the glomerular capillaries, some constituents of the blood are filtered out.