Chapter 4

Three huge areas of the world are characterized by a humid continental climate

(1) the northern and central United States and southern Canada, (2) most of the European portion of Russia, and (3) northern China. Because there are no land areas at a comparable latitude in the Southern Hemisphere, this climate is not represented there

Enhanced Fujita (EF) scale

- Adopted in 2007 - Revised to better align wind speeds with associated storm damage

What is a monsoon wind

A win that changes direction seasonally

Slowing of wind movement by the drag of the earths surface is referred to as the

Frictional affect

Which two types of precipitation or dominant and human continental climate

Frontal and cyclonic

Scientists are able to extend the global temperature record beyond historic records using

Hi scores, lakes sedimenta, tree rings

When moist air is forced to rise over hills or

Orographic precipitation is

frontal

Precipitation is formed when warm and cold air masses me and warm air is forced over the cooler air masses

climate

The average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time

What type of vegetation is typically found and humid subtropical climate

The city is forest mixed with conifers

weather

The condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place.

global warming

A gradual increase in average global temperature

the mid altitude cyclones forms over

A region of low atmospheric pressure

cyclone

A swirling center of low air pressure

typhoon

A tropical cyclone occurring in the western Pacific or Indian oceans

What caused the year without a summer in 1861

A volcanic eruption

The eye

The area of high pressure at the center of a hurricane or wind speed drop in the skies are clear

increasingly colder temperatures prevail

Toward northern areas and into the interior parts of the North American and Eurasian landmasses

The greenhouse effect

Traps heat radiating from the earth surface warming the lower atmosphere

Virtually all weather phenomena occurs within this atmospheric layer

Trophosphere

Carefully exam in this climate graph. Which of the following best describes a tropical rain forest climate

Warm temperature is all year and average precipitation of 8 inches per month

North Atlantic Drift

a current of warm water from the tropics

North Atlantic drift

a current that brings warm water to northern Europe Creating a warmer climate

Air

a gaseous substance whose weight affects air pressure

relative humidity

a percentage measure of the moisture content of the air, expressed as the amount of water vapor present relative to the maximum that can exist at the current temperature

Reradiation

a process by which the earth returns solar energy to space; some of the shortwave solar energy that is absorbed into the land and water is returned to the atmosphere in the form of longwave terrestrial radiation

source region

area over which an air mass forms

A cold coastal current close to the coast can generate a _______ climate in lamd

arid

energy is lost in

both retardation and radiation

frictional effect

causes wind to follow an intermediate path

Surface ocean currents

correspond roughly to global wind direction patterns because the winds of the world set ocean currents in motion

Which of these are the effects of the frictional effect on wind movement

decrease in wind speed near the earths surface, change in wind direction

The dominant vegetation it's sub arctic climate is

dense coniferous forest

increase in average temperatures around the world as shown in this crap is commonly referred to as

global warming

the axis of the earth

imaginary pine that passes through the North and South pole at 23.5 degrees

Precipitation

is any form of water particles—rain, sleet, snow, or hail—that falls from the atmosphere and reaches the Earth's surface

Because it is not store solar energy as effectively and because it is a pig to the suns rays

land retaliates hear faster than water

The amount of temperature decreases with altitude in the trophosphere is called the

lapse rate

Air masses

large bodies of air with similar temperature and humidity characteristics throughout; they form over a source region

Which of these are important greenhouse gases influenced by human activity

nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, Methane

What type of precipitation is shown here

orographic

Which huge areas of the world are characterized by a humid continental climate

Northern and central United States, northern China, European portions of Russia

Short term climate change can be caused by

Ocean circulation patterns, sunspot activity, volcanic eruption's

The locations of you will be routed to climb it shows great variation due to the factors such as

Ocean currents, land water configurations, moutain ranges

The location of human mid altitude climate shows great variation do two factors such

Ocean currents, mountain ranges, land water configurations

Insolation

The amount of incoming solar radiation

lapse rate

The amount of temperature decreases with altitude in the troposphere

Formation of precipitation stages

1. warm, moist air rises 2. The air expands as it encounters lower atmospheric pressure 3. The air cools and its ability to hold water vapor decreases 4. The air becomes super saturated with water vapor 5. water vapor condenses around condensation nuclear I to form water droplets 6. water droplets coalesce To form larger jobs, which fall to the surface as precipitation

At the dewpoint, the relative humidity is

100%

Source regions

Are large areas of uniform surface and relatively consistent temperature over which air masses can be formed

Mountain breeze is a current usually during the night

Barely breeze is usually occur during the day

Solar energy is most efficiently stored in

Bodies of water

Fossil fuels use since the industrial revolution has lead to an increase in amount of

Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Humid continental climate

Colder winters and shorter summers

highland climate

Cool to cold climates found in mountains and on high plateaus. The climate changes as altitude changes.

Based upon the vegetation shown in this image, the location has a

Hot desert climate

And intense tropical cyclones affecting the western Atlantic is called

Hurricane

Monsoon

Major winds in the Indian Ocean that blew into India for half the year, and blew away from India for the other half. Helped facilitate trade in the Indian Ocean.

Which of the following consequences of global warming we contribute to see level tise

Melting of the Greenland by sheet, thermal expansion of water, melting of continental glaciers

The steppes

Moderately drylands that experience hot summers and cold winters, have vegetation dominated by grass, and typically have her soil's

The steppes

Moderately try lands that experience hot summers and cold winters, have vegetation dominated by grass, and typically have rich soil's

Which of these climate our classes to tropical

Monsoon, tropical rain forest, Savannah

reflection

Much of the potentially receivable solar radiation is, in fact, sent back to outer space or diffused in the troposphere in a process

What is the typical vegetation found in Mediterranean climate

Shrubs and small deciduous trees

And equatorial low it's a region where

Solar heating forms warm air, which rises

most of the United States lives within the belt of the westlies, meaning that the prevailing wind directions are from

Southwest to northeast

The two most important elements that differentiate climate are

Temperature and precipitation

Which of the following are commonly effect by ocean currents moving past coast lines

Temperature and precipitation

a Weather condition that occurs when air at higher altitude is warmer than the air at the surface is called

Temperature inversion

dew point

The critical temperature for condensation

Coriolis effect

The effect of Earth's rotation on the direction of winds and currents.

convectional precipitation

The formation of precipitation due to surface heating of the air at the ground surface

Trophosphere

The lowest layer of earths atmosphere and contains virtually all of the air, clouds, and precipitation of the earth

tornado

The most violent of all storms also typically the smallest storm

Which two factors determine the amount of incoming solar radiation at a given location on the earth

The number of daylight hours and the angle of the sun's rays

Which of these are statements that could be used to describe the climate of her region rather than whether

The summers are long and dry, there is a distinct monsoon season, the winds blow predominantly from the north

dew point

The temperature at which condensation of water vapor occurs, forming fog or cloudy conditions at the earths surface

The koppen system classifies climates based

temperature, vegetation, precipitation

convection

the circulatory motion of descending cool air and ascending warm air

blizzard

the occurrence of snow, often heavy, and high winds

carbon dixoide

the primary greenhouse gas whose amount has been increased by human activities

greenhouse effect

the trapping of the sun's warmth in a planet's lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface.

Earths areas line between the tropic of cancer and Tropic of Capricorn typically have

tropical climates

which three aspects Of the earths motion are believed to affect long-term climate

variations in the tilt of earths axis, the wobble of the earth as it rotates on its axis, and variations in the shape of the earths orbit