Chapter 4
52. _____ is a term that refers to the diminished effect of a drug when another drug is present.
a. Antagonism - pg 93
28. ___________ is the portion of the original drug dose that reaches its site of action or that reaches a fluid in the body that gives the drug access to its site of action.
a. Bioavailability - pg 78
33. One way that ____________ is administered involves sprinkling it on marijuana, parsley, tobacco, or other substance that can be smoked.
a. PCP - pg 80
48. __________ reflects the amount of latitude there is in a drug dose before a stronger effect is reached.
a. Slope - pg 89
56. Intravenous (IV) drug use is an important risk factor for AIDS among heterosexuals.
a. True
54. Pharmacokinetics is the branch of pharmacology that concerns the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of drugs.
a. True - pg 72
57. When a drug is fat soluble, sniffing is a rapid and effective way to absorb it.
a. True - pg 77
63. Valium is an example of a drug that can easily pass through the blood-brain barrier because it is highly fat soluble.
a. True - pg 81
64. Marijuana is an example of a drug with affinity for fatty tissue which allows it to register in the blood for some time.
a. True - pg 81
66. Metabolites of some drugs cause unwanted side effects while those of other drugs cause desired psychoactive effects.
a. True - pg 82
68. The amount of time that marijuana can be detected in the body depends upon whether use is acute or chronic.
a. True - pg 83
69. A biphasic drug effect occurs when a drug effect first goes in one direction as drug dose increases, but the effect changes direction as drug dose continues to increase.
a. True - pg 87
71. Therapeutic index is a term referring to a drug's utility in medical care and is computed as a ratio (LD 50/ED 50).
a. True - pg 92
73. Studies have shown that different ethnic groups may show differences in responsiveness to certain prescription drugs.
a. True - pg 92
75. The effects of alcohol and barbiturates are synergistic and combining the two has led to many accidental deaths.
a. True - pg 94
37. ____________ means that the rate at which a drug is metabolized is independent of its concentration in the blood.
a. Zero-order kinetics - pg 82
19. Which of the following is not an advantage of injecting drugs intravenously?
a. absorption rate can be controlled by using different solutions - pg 75
43. Drinking large quantities of water would be an example of an attempt to alter the results of a drug test by _________.
a. dilution - pg 84
15. A drug is ___________ when it changes from solid to liquid after being mixed with a liquid.
a. dissolved - pg 74
34. Which of the following systems does not receive major portions of a drug rapidly due to a high volume of drug flow?
a. muscles - pg 81
9. When drugs are swallowed, they pass through the stomach and are absorbed in the __________.,
a. small intestine - pg 73
13. Two occasions for not taking a drug __________ are when the drug irritates body tissue, or if large volumes of solution must be used.
a. subcutaneously- pg 74
44. How long can alcohol be detected in the system by using a drug test?
a. up to one day - pg 83
30. Which of the following conditions lead to more rapid drug absorption?
a. when there is more blood flow at the site of absorption - pg 80
42. Confirmatory testing of positive drug screens is important because the screening methods that are used are wrong _____ of the time.
b. 25 - 35 % - pg 84
59. One advantage of inhaling a drug is that large amounts of the drug can be absorbed in one administration.
b. False - p 76
The safest of the three methods of injecting drugs is the intravenous method.
b. False - pg 74
58. Drugs administered intranasally should be water-soluble rather than fat-soluble because of the high water content in the nasal cavity.
b. False - pg 77
60. The sublingual route of drug administration is slower and less efficient than oral administration.
b. False - pg 77
61. The transdermal route of drug administration is an effective one for most drugs.
b. False - pg 77
62. Drugs that are more soluble in lipids (fats) are less readily absorbed than other drugs.
b. False - pg 79
65. The "first-pass effect" refers to drug metabolism in the liver.
b. False - pg 81
67. A drug's half-life is the time it takes for a drug's effects to become half as potent.
b. False - pg 82
70. Drug potency refers to the largest amount of a drug than can be taken safely.
b. False - pg 90
72. Recent research has indicated that environmental differences do not seem to play a role in the pharmacokinetics of drug metabolism.
b. False - pg 92
74. Amphetamines have an antagonistic effect on those of alcohol, reducing alcohol's impairment of motor skills.
b. False - pg 93
5. The effect of a drug depends most fundamentally on __________.
b. how much drug is taken - pg 72
32. Freebase is most often ___________.
b. inhaled - pg 80
8. Which of the following is not an advantage of the oral route of drug administration?
b. it has the quickest rate of absorption - pg 73
38. The __________ is the most important organ for excretion of drugs and their metabolites.
b. kidney - pg 82
14. Once in the bloodstream, orally-administered drugs pass through the __________ before reaching the brain.
b. liver - pg 74
25. ____________ is an example of a medication that is administered sublingually.
b. nitroglycerin - pg 77
26. A drug that is administered transdermally _______________.
b. passes through the skin - pg 77
53. In __________, the combined effects of multiple drugs is greater than the sum of the parts.
b. potentiation - pg 93
46. The elimination of a drug from the body often is associated with changes that are opposite to those that were caused by the drug. These are sometimes called __________.
b. rebound effects - pg 85
11. The __________ route is the easiest of the drug injection routes to use.
b. subcutaneous - pg 74
20. Which of the following is an example of an inhalant?
benzene - pg 75
35. Which of the following affect drug distribution?
blood flow, fat solubility of the drug, and diffusibility of membranes
17. Which of the following is a common site for intramuscular drug injection?
buttocks, deltoid, and thigh
50. What does the pharmacological phrase ED 60 mean?
c. 60% of the patients who receive a given dose will experience a particular effect - pg 91
49. __________ is a term referring to the minimum dose of a drug that yields its efficacy.
c. Drug potency - pg 90
7. __________ is the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action.
c. Pharmacodynamics - pg 72
51. The therapeutic index is _____.
c. a measure of a drug's safety in medical care - pg 92
22. Freebase refers to a form of __________ that is inhaled.
c. cocaine - pg 75
29. Which of the following is most rapidly absorbed?
c. drugs taken in water solution - pg 79
18. A common street term for injecting a drug intravenously is __________.
c. mainlining - pg 75
41. Which of the following drugs can be detected in the system for up to one month following chronic use?
c. marijuana- pg 83
12. One characteristic of the subcutaneous route of injection is its associated __________ and __________ absorption rate.
c. slow, constant - pg 74
16. Which of the following methods of drug injection is preferred medically for drugs that are not irritating to body tissue?
c. subcutaneous - pg 74
24. Which of the following drugs is commonly sniffed?
cocaine, heroin, and tobacco
1. In research, _________ means to be able to account for variables that may affect the results of a study.,
control - pg 71
45. How many poppy seed bagels would need to be consumed in order to obtain a positive screen for opiates?
d. 100 - pg 85
40. Which of the following drugs has no set range of elimination because its metabolites are used too efficiently in the body to be measured reliably?
d. alcohol
21. Which of the following results has not been seen in needle exchange programs?
d. all of these have resulted from needle exchange programs - pg 76
6. A drug's dose is computed according to a person's __________.
d. body weight - pg 73
10. The presence of food in the stomach __________ absorption and __________ the maximum drug level achieved for orally administered drugs.
d. delays; decreases - pg 73
47. In a prototypic dose-effect curve, the vertical axis refers to the __________ and the horizontal axis refers to the __________.
d. effect size, range of drug doses - pg 88
23. A drug that is taken sublingually is __________.
d. placed under the tongue - pg 77
27. The ____________ route of administration is preferable to oral administration for drugs that irritate the stomach and cause vomiting.
d. sublingual - pg 77
39. Which of the following is not a way in which drugs are excreted from the body?
directly in the feces, in liver bile, in mother's milk, and through the lungs
4. __________ is the branch of pharmacology that concerns the absorption
distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of drugs., a. pharmacokinetics - pg 72
2. When, in a series of events, what happens in a later event alters those preceding it, it is known as a_____________ relationship.
feedback
36. Enzymes in the __________ are important in the metabolization of drugs.
kidneys, liver, and gastrointestinal tract
3. The process by which the body breaks down matter into more simple components and waste is known as __________.
metabolism
31. Which of the following is a method used to administer barbiturates?
oral, rectal, subcutaneous, and intramuscular
