Chapter 4

Which of the following is a downside to breastfeeding? A. An increased risk of early breast cancer and ovarian cancer in mothers B. An increased risk of transmission of HIV to infants by infected mothers C. An increased risk of childhood lymphoma in infants D. The likelihood of infants developing serious cases of diarrhea

A. An increased risk of transmission of HIV to infants by infected mothers

Samantha, a three-year-old girl, showed stunted growth. She weighed only 22 pounds and was much shorter than most of her peers six months ago. She was treated for failure to thrive. She is now returning to her normal growth rate, and her weight is showing an increase. Which of the following phenomena does this scenario represent? A. Canalization B. Myelination C. Differentiation D. Habituation

A. Canalization

Elsa is a one-year-old infant. Her mother notices that while playing in the garden, Elsa often picks up tiny insects and worms by making a tight fist. A few months before, she had only been able to pat the insects and not pick them up as they were so tiny. This is an example of _____. A. a pincer grasp B. canalization C. an ulnar grasp D. habituation

A. Pincer grasp

Axons are responsible for _________. A. protecting neurons from harmful substances B. transmitting impulses to other neurons C. providing a source of energy to neurons D. receiving impulses from other neurons

B Transmitting impulses to other neurons

An individual develops intellectual disability because of a disorder called phenylketonuria. Which of the following occurrences is a cause of the intellectual disability in the individual? A. The replacement of myelin by hard, fibrous tissue in the individual's neurons B. The inhibition of normal myelin development in the individual's brain C. Insulation of the neurons by myelin D. Myelination of the prefrontal matter of the individual's brain

B. The inhibition of normal myelin development in the individual's brain

Which of the following statements is true of dendrites? A. They extend trunk-like from the cell body in a neuron. B. They are short fibers that constitute neurons. C. They account for much of the difference in length in neurons. D. They become shorter as a child develops.

B. They are short fibers that constitute neurons.

As children mature, their behaviors become less loose and global, and more specific and distinct, a tendency called _________. A. integration B. differentiation C. habituation D. canalization

B. differentiation

Maggie, an infant, is holding a toy clumsily, using only her fingers and palm. This is an example of _____. A. a pincer grasp B. canalization C. an ulnar grasp D. habituation

C. An ulnar grasp

Isabel is a 5-month-old girl. She has not gained any weight in the last month. She feeds and sleeps irregularly. She also cries frequently and becomes irritable whenever her mother picks her up. Isabel is most likely to be diagnosed with _____. A. multiple sclerosis B. Alzheimer's disease C. failure to thrive syndrome D. Down syndrome

C. Failure to thrive syndrome

Which of the following is true of myelination? A. It is complete at birth. B. Myelination of the brain's prefrontal matter is completed during neonatal development. C. The breakdown of myelin generally occurs in the first decade of life. D. It is part of the maturation process that leads to the abilities to crawl and walk during the first year after birth.

D. It is part of the maturation process that leads to the abilities to crawl and walk during the first year after birth.

Which of the following principles relates to the fact that growth in infants proceeds from the trunk outward, from the body's central axis toward the periphery? A. Anteriorbital B. Instantiation C. Autocephalozation D. Proximodistal

D. Proximodistal