Chapter 4
41. Cofactors are important because
A. they enable enzymes to bind to their substrates.
45. Most of our body's ____ is stored in the skeleton.
calcium
52. Why do children under 6 months of age, in developing countries, rarely suffer from malnutrition?
A. They are breast fed, and their mother's milk provides all required nutrition.
30. Many traditional diets are based on a combination of a grain and a legume (e.g., corn and beans, rice and lentils). Eaten together, the grain and legume provide complete protein for the human diet. This means that they have all the ______________ needed by humans.
A. essential amino acids
20. Much of biological chemistry is the building of polymers from monomers, such as a protein made from amino acids. Many macromolecules are basically polymers made of monomers of the same chemical composition and structure. Which of the following does NOT necessarily follow this pattern?
A. fats
21. When a fat is digested, what is released?
A. fatty acids and glycerol
2. Which of the following is an organic molecule that is NOT considered a macronutrient?
A. nucleic acids
15. In the process of digestion, nucleic acids are broken down into_______, while fats are broken down into ________.
A. nucleotides; fatty acids and glycerol
32. _____ reactions break down food and release subunits that can be used in ______ reactions to make larger macromolecules.
B. Catabolic; anabolic
50. Which of the following is the MOST important feature of a "Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food" (RUTF)?
B. It contains a nutritional balance of macronutrients, micronutrients, and calories.
23. Can a cheeseburger be used to make all of the macromolecules needed for a cell?
B. Yes, a cheeseburger has protein, carbohydrates, and fats, which can be broken down into their subunits and reassembled into cellular structures.
31. When food is being digested and broken down into its constituent molecules, which macromolecular subunits are re-used to make enzymes?
B. amino acids from proteins
43. One way a vitamin can act as a coenzyme is to
B. bind to the enzyme so the enzyme can change its shape and bind to its substrate.
46. Vitamins are an important dietary ingredient because most are
B. coenzymes
26. Another term for vitamins and minerals is "micronutrients" because they are
B. only needed in small amounts by our body.
18. Which macromolecules can be made from fatty acids and glycerol?
B. phospholipids
37. Enzymes are
B. proteins
4. Dairy products are a good source of these macronutrients.
B. proteins and fats
22. Sugar monomers can be used to make
B. starch
25. What is the complex carbohydrate used for energy storage in plant cells?
B. starch
19. _________ are metabolized and used for energy storage and for cell-surface molecules.
C. Carbohydrates
3. Grains, including bread, rice, and pasta, are a rich source of
C. Carbohydrates.
34. Specialized proteins called ____ help break your food down into smaller chemical units.
C. enzymes
17. Glycerol is a component of which of the following?
C. fats
11. Which of the following is a good source of fat?
C. milk
8. Macronutrients are
C. nutrients our body needs in large amounts.
47. If you eat a diet deficient in vitamins and minerals, all of the following are likely EXCEPT
C. your cellular processes would be only minimally affected.
28. There are ____ amino acids of which ____ are essential amino acids.
D. 20; 9
27. A healthful, well-balanced meal would contain approximately what percentage of each category of food?
D. 30% whole grains; 30% fruits and vegetables; 15% meat, fish, and beans; 15% dairy; and 10% refined sugars and fats
13. If you were told you needed to consume a large dose of carbohydrates quickly, which of the following would you consume?
D. a glass of orange juice
33. Enzymes work by
D. lowering activation energy.
36. All the biochemical reactions in a cell are described as its
D. metabolism.
1. Macronutrients provided by food include
D. proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
12. Which of the following is a good source of protein?
D. steak
16. Complex carbohydrates are made up of smaller
D. sugar molecules.
9. A turkey sandwich with cheese, mayonnaise, lettuce, and tomato on whole-grain bread has which of the following macronutrients?
E. A, B, and C
38. Would a mutation in an enzyme that changes the shape of its active site change the function of the enzyme?
E. Yes, because the substrate has to fit specifically into the active site to undergo the reaction.
14. In the process of digestion, proteins are broken down into_______, while carbohydrates are broken down into ________.
E. amino acids; sugars
6. You eat a spinach salad with croutons and Italian dressing. Which of the following additions to your salad would ensure you obtain all the macronutrients your body needs?
E. beans
49. When someone who has adequate macronutrients in their diet is still suffering from malnutrition, they are most likely lacking
E. vitamins or minerals.
10. Which of the following is a good source of carbohydrates?
apple
48. A lack of _______ in the human diet causes anemia.
iron
