chapter 4
_cognitive map_
A mental representation of the layout of one's environment is called a: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. GPS. schema. model. cognitive map.
association; imitation
Classical and operant conditioning involve learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through _____. sensation; perception association; imitation conscious behaviors; unconscious behaviors imitation; association
75 to 80
Clay has always had a strong sexual desire for his wife. Recently, though, his desire has reduced. What age range is Clay likely in? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. 20 to 30 35 to 40 45 to 60 75 to 80
_classical conditioning_
Five-year-old Destiny is frightened by the noise thunder makes. Destiny associates lightning with thunder because lightning always precedes thunder. Thus, when Destiny sees lightning she often cries in anticipation that she will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. observational learning. classical conditioning. stimulus experience. operant conditioning.
_intimacy and generativity_
Freud's ideas of love and work correspond to Erikson's stages of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. affiliation and attachment. attachment and productivity. intimacy and generativity. connectedness and competence.
_variable-ratio
Gamblers and fisherman have a difficult time controlling their need to gamble and fish because of the _____ schedule of reinforcement. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. latent-interval variable-ratio fixed-interval fixed-ratio
_operant conditioning
If Jamal wants to train his dog to sit and lie down when he commands the behavior, which type of conditioning should he utilize to train his dog? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. operant conditioning classical conditioning observational learning cognitive learning
_variable-ratio
In operant conditioning, which reinforcement schedule reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. variable-ratio fixed-ratio latent-interval fixed-interval
_learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses_
In psychology, the term conditioning refers to: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. adaptation to specific environmental factors due to repeated exposure to those factors. learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses. a prior exposure to a stimulus. enhanced performance due t
middle
June is 56 years old and is in _____ adulthood
_early adulthood
Mike is 25 years old and just graduated from college. What stage of development is he in? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. early adulthood adolescence late adulthood middle adulthood
abbreviations
NS = Neutral Stimulus US = Unconditioned Stimulus UR = Unconditioned Response CS = Conditioned Stimulus CR = Conditioned Response
_expectation
Obi always gives his cats treats before he goes to work each morning. When he is gathering the things he takes to work, his cats begin to circle around him and cry. Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner would say this is occurring because Obi's cats have developed a(n) _____ for the treats. unconscious desire discrimination generalization expectation
_classical conditioning
People and animals learn the association between two stimuli through _____; however, they learn the association between a behavior and a consequence through _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. classical conditioning; operant conditioning operant conditioning; classical conditioning observational learning; classical conditioning classical conditioning; observational learning
_discrimination_
Walter was bitten by a dog when he was 5 years old. To this day, he is fearful of dogs; however, he is not frightened of cats. This reaction BEST illustrates: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. discrimination. generalization. operant conditioning. an unconditioned response.
_Adaptability
_____ is the ability to learn new behaviors that helps one cope with new or changing circumstances. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Spontaneous recovery Instinct Observational learning Adaptability
_she should not worry_
Jackie is worried about her young children being exposed to the violence on television. You do NOT tell Jackie that: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. she should not worry. the more time children spend watching violent programs, the higher their risk for aggression and crime as teens. correlational studies do link viewing violence with violent behavior. she should also be worried about effects of violent video games.
_fixed-ratio
Jonah works in a packaging plant. For every 100 packages he completes, he is given an additional 10-percent increase in his hourly pay. This is a _____ reinforcement schedule. fixed-ratio variable-interval fixed-interval variable-ratio
_These programs do not do what they claim to do. While your memory will improve, it will only improve on the practiced skills in the game and will not help you in everyday life_
Juanita is aware that her memory is not as good as it used to be. She has seen numerous commercials for a brain training computer-based game that claims to help improve cognitive functioning. She is planning on enrolling in the program to help improve her memory. What would you say to her? These programs are excellent and have been shown to help improve cognitive functioning among older adults. These programs are sure to help improve your memory but you could accomplish the same thing by reading a book. These programs do not do what they claim to do. While your memory will improve, it will only improve on the practiced skills in the game and will not help you in everyday life. These programs are excellent because they will exercise your memory, visual tracking, and problem-solving skills.
_cognitive map_
Kate has a kind of picture in her head of her hometown, a mental representation of its layout and the location of key landmarks such as rivers, buildings, freeways, and parks. This representation is called a(n): Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. cognitive blueprint. internal navigator. cognitive map. mental GPS.
_observational learning_
Lana is in dental school and is learning the correct way to take an X-ray of the mouth. Her instructor first shows the class a video that demonstrates the proper procedures for taking an X-ray and then demonstrates these same procedures using Lana as a patient. Lana and her class are learning how to take an X-ray of patients' teeth through the use of: classical conditioning. operant conditioning. latent learning. observational learning.
gnerativity
Marcia has the intense desire to create a mentoring program at her company. According to Erik Erikson, she is likely experiencing the _____ versus stagnation stage.
_classical conditioning_
Marshall ate a hamburger he purchased from his favorite fast-food restaurant. An hour later, his stomach became very upset and he spent the rest of the evening vomiting. A week later, he entered the restaurant and immediately became nauseous when he saw a hamburger. Marshall's nausea when he saw the hamburger is an example of: imitation. observational learning. classical conditioning. operant conditioning.
frontal; observational learning
Mirror neurons are found in the brain's _____ lobe and are believed to be the neural basis for _____. frontal; classical conditioning temporal; operant conditioning temporal; observational learning frontal; observational learning
_less
Researchers often find it more challenging to train dolphins rather than dogs even though dolphins are smarter. One of the reasons for this difficulty is that dolphins have _____ shared evolutionary heritage with humans than dogs, so they condition to stimuli that are different than what will affect dogs and humans. more equal no less
_observation_
When a 4-year-old girl suddenly picks up her toy ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has seen someone playing a real electric guitar in the same manner. Thus, she has learned via: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. observation. reflexive responding. classical conditioning. operant conditioning.
_classical conditioning_
While 5-year-old Martha was looking at one of the balloons her mother set out for her birthday, Martha's brother Timmy took a pin and popped the balloon, causing her to flinch and blink quickly. Later during the party, Martha's mother approached her with a balloon and she blinked and flinched. This is an example of: operant conditioning. classical conditioning. latent learning. observational learning.
retina
The light sensitive inner portion of the eye is called the _____.
_positive punishment_
To reduce the self-destructive behavior of some children, a therapist might squirt water in the children's faces whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of water is a: conditioned reinforcer. negative punishment. positive punishment. negative reinforcer.
_laws of learning are the same for all animals_
Watson and Pavlov agreed that: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the study of consciousness should be a goal of psychology. psychologists should study mentalistic concepts. laws of learning are the same for all animals. laws of learning are not the same for all animals.
_violent behavior is performed by the hero or another attractive, high-status individual_
According to Bandura's theory of observational learning, portrayals of violence on television are MOST likely to be imitated when: violent behavior is performed by the hero or another attractive, high-status individual. the aggressive person is punished for their violent behavior. the victim of the aggressive behavior is the main character of the program. the violent programs show the long-term negative consequences of violence.
generativity
According to Erikson, adults experience a sense of ______ when their activities contribute positively to society. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. generativity identity initiative integrity
_Beryl and Callie are middle-aged, whereas Allan is not_
Allan is 35. Beryl is 50. Callie is 63. Which of these individuals is middle-aged? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Only Beryl is middle-aged. All of these people are middle-aged. None of these people are middle-aged. Beryl and Callie are middle-aged, whereas Allan is not.
_variable-ratio
Although it is unknown if one must buy 1, 10, or 100 scratch-off lottery tickets to get a winning ticket, it is probable that if one keeps buying, eventually one will get a winner. In fact, maybe the very next ticket will be a winner. Therefore, buying scratch-off lottery tickets is reinforced according to a _____ schedule. fixed-ratio variable-ratio fixed-interval variable-interval
_extrinsic motivation
Behavior driven by rewards, rules, and responsibilities is to _____ as behavior motivated by enjoyment, satisfaction, or challenge is to _____. self-actualizing needs; psychological needs physiological needs; self-actualizing needs drive; incentive extrinsic motivation; intrinsic motivation
_objective
Both Watson and Pavlov believed that psychology should study only _____ and _____ psychological phenomena. learning; unconscious sensation; perception consciousness; memory objective; observable