Chapter 4 and 5 Review
Centrioles are organelles which have all of the following except
a lipid bilayer
All _____ contain a plasma membrane
cells
The movement of substances from regions where their concentration is higher to regions where their concentration is lower is called
diffusion
If you were working inside of a cell and you needed to move a vesicle along microtubules toward the center of the cell, which molecular motor(s) would you choose to help you?
dynein and kinesin
The delivery system of eukaryotic cells called the ______ apparatus can collect, package, modify, and transport molecules.
golgi
Flattened sacks of membranes apparently involved in the packaging and export of molecules synthesized in the cell are known as
golgi bodies
Some ribosomes are embedded into
rough endoplasmic reticulum
As a cell's size increases, the _____________ increases much more rapidly than its surface area.
volume
If you were a protein destined to reach the plasma membrane and you were making your way through the Golgi when suddenly Golgi trafficking was blocked at the trans face, what would happen to you?
you would be stuck in the Golgi
A cytologist is examining a tissue under an electron microscope. He notices in particular that the endoplasmic reticulum of each cell is extremely rough in appearance and of course knows that the rough appearance is because of the ribosomes embedded there. He is curious about why there are so many ribosomes. You can help. Your response would be,
"This tissue exports proteins to other areas of the body"
Bacteria are generally
1 to 2 micrometers thick
In a single sodium-potassium pump cycle, ATP is used with the result that
3 sodium ions leave and 2 potassium ions enter
Many eukaryotic cells possess flagella or cilia, which have the characteristic ______ arrangement of microtubules.
9+2
Chromosomes can be condensed into compact structures, visible with the light microscope, but usually only
during cell division
___________ is the generally accepted evolutionary process which created the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria
endosymbiosis
In eukaryotes, mitochondria are the organelles primarily involved
energy release/capture
Animal cells excrete glycoproteins outside of the plasma membrane to produce an _________ _________ which is directly linked to the cytoskeleton.
extracellular matrix
Carrier-mediated transport of a substance down its concentration gradient is called
facilitated diffusion
The type of movement of molecules that is specific and passive, and which becomes saturated if all of the protein carriers are in use is
facilitated diffusion
Prokaryotic cell movement is attributed to the
flagella
While water continually orients phospholipids into a lipid bilayer, it does not fix the lipids permanently into position. Thus, the bilayer is considered to be
fluid
The lipid layer that forms the foundation of cell membranes is primarily composed of molecules called ________.
phospholipids
Photosynthetic bacterial membranes are located in the
plasma membrane
Some of the functions of the eukaryotic organelles are performed in bacteria by
plasma membrane
During which cellular process do all three forms of RNA associate?
protein synthesis
The plasma membrane is a thin sheet of lipid embedded with
proteins
Nuclear pores apparently permit the passage of only
proteins inward and outward, but RNA only outward
Given what is known about the minimal essential functions of cellular life, if you could create an artificial cell, which of the following structures must you include?
ribosome
Nucleolus of the nucleus is the site of
ribosome assembly
The functions of the cytoskeleton include all of the following except
ribosome assembly
One of the relationships that exists between ribosomes and lysosomes is that
ribosomes produce enzymes that could be stored in lysosomes
A team of researchers is writing a grant for a microscope to use in their research on the external structures on the dorsal surface of a spider mite. The specific region on the mite's back seems to be the habitat of an even smaller mite. These mites are extremely tiny and only one microscope with very high magnification can be purchased. Based on the information given, which type of microscope would you suggest?
scanning electron microscope
Osmosis can only occur if water travels through the
semipermeable membrane
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane in response to the concentration of one or more of the
solutes
A type of transport of a solute across a membrane, up its concentration gradient, using protein carriers driven by the expenditure of chemical energy is known as
active transport
The type of movement that is specific and requires carrier molecules and energy is
active transport
Schlieden and Schwann stated the "cell theory," which in its modern form includes all of the following postulates except
all cells need oxygen
Lysosomes are vesicles bounded by membranes that contain oxidative enzymes. Their functions include all of the following except they
allow bacteria to pass through unaffected
The peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall contains a carbohydrate matrix linked together by short chains of
amino acids
If you were to use antibodies that were chemically bonded to a stain in order to visualize the expression pattern of a protein in a fixed tissue, which of the following experimental techniques and equipment would be applicable?
antibody interference assay, bright-field microscopy
Osmosis occurs as water can cross the lipid bilayer through specialized channels for water movement called
aquaporins
The genetic material of which kind of cells is included in a single, circular molecule of DNA devoid of any histone proteins?
bacteria
On the outer surface of the plasma membrane there are marker molecules that identify the cell type. Often these molecules are
carbohydrates chains
Which type of proteins is embedded in the cell membrane in both active transport and facilitated transport?
carrier
Which of the following is not present in all eukaryotic cells?
cell wall
In bacteria, fungi, and plants the high internal pressure generated by osmosis is counteracted by the mechanical strength of their
cell walls
Plants, fungi, and bacteria share which one of the following characteristics?
cell walls
Plant cells often have a large membrane-bound sac that is used for storing water and other substances. This organelle is called a
central vacuole
The distinctive feature of chloroplasts is that they contain a green pigment called
chlorophyll
A mutation in an integrin protein would likely affect all of the following except
communication between the ECM and cytoskeleton
Your research project involves characterizing the expression pattern of a nuclear pore protein. After using immunohistochemistry to fluorescently label the protein, you decide that you would like to capture the data as a 3-D image. Which microscope should you use
confocal microscope
The actual transport of protons by the proton pump is mediated by a transmembrane protein which undergoes a change in its
conformation
The accumulation of amino acids and sugars in animal cells can occur through
coupled transport
a semi-fluid matrix called the _______ occupies the area between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
cytoplasm
Microfilaments such as actin, microtubules, and the intermediate filaments form the cell-supporting structure called the ______________.
cytoskeleton
The _________ is not only responsible for the cell's shape and movement, but it also provides a scaffolding at certain locations of the cytoplasm for some enzymes and macromolecules.
cytoskeleton
Cell crawling is essential for all of the following except
cytoskeleton reorganization
Small cells function more effectively, because as cells become larger their surface area to volume ratio
decreases
What describes the movement of substances down their concentration gradients?
diffusion
Sulfolobus are archaea that are commonly found in geothermal environments, with an optimum growth temperature of about 80C. Which of the following features allows archaea to thrive at such temperatures?
Archaeal membranes contain special lipids
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the other organelles besides the nucleus that contain
DNA
You have identified an enzyme that appears to be involved in the addition of palmityl group (a fatty acid) to certain proteins. Knowing that palmitoylated proteins are usually targeted to the plasma membrane, in which organelles might this enzyme be expressed?
Golgi apparatus and ER
The eukaryotic organelle that is directly involved in the transport of proteins synthesized on the surface of the rough ER is called
Golgi complex
Gram staining is a common method of distinguishing bacteria. It takes advantage of the thickness of the peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall. What type of bacteria appear red after staining with a secondary dye?
Gram negative
Who first described cells?
Hooke
which of the following protein classes are not found as membrane proteins?
hormones
Membrane proteins are not very soluble in water, because they possess long stretches of non-polar amino acids that are
hydrophobic
If two solutions have unequal concentrations of a solute, the solution with the lower concentration is called
hypotonic
The cell's plasma membrane mediates which of the following transactions with the environment? Choose all that apply
ingesting food molecules and sometimes entire cells returning waste and other molecules back to the environment responding to a host of chemical cues passing messages to other cells
If a cell has the same concentration of dissolved molecules as its outside environment, the cell's condition is referred to as being
isotonic
Ribosomes are
large molecular aggregates of protein and RNA
Which of the following is not visible by use of a light microscope?
large virus
Alcohol consumption adversely affects the synthesis of molecules involved in the protein degradation, which can eventually lead to liver damage. Given this information, which organelle in liver cells is most directly affected?
lysosmoe
Which of the following associations is unlike the others?
lysosome-- peroxisome
Membrane-bound organelles that contain powerful enzymes found in cells are known as
lysosomes
Plasma ________ encloses the cell and separates its contents from the surroundings.
membrane
Peroxisomes in animal cells, and glyoxosomes in plant cells are examples of
microbodies
A cell biologist treats a cell so that oxygen cannot diffuse across the membrane. Which organelle will be directly affected?
mitochondria
All of the following are considered to be part of the endomembrane system except
mitochondria
Even though they were similarly created by endosymbiosis, ___________ are important in respiration, while chloroplasts are involved in photosynthesis.
mitochondria
The organelle involved in the oxygen-requiring process by which the energy in macromolecules is stored in ATP is the
mitochondria
The endosymbiotic theory is supported by the finding of non-nuclear DNA in which of the following organelles?
mitochondria and chloroplasts
Which of the following animals has the largest surface area to volume ratio AND is matched correctly with its metabolic rate?
mouse, high metabolic rate
The part of a membrane protein that extends through the phospholipid bilayer is primarily composed of amino acids that are
nonpolar
Which of the following is not bounded by membranes?
nucleoid
A distinctive feature of eukaryotes is the organization of their chromosomal DNA which is tightly packaged with proteins into a membrane-bound structure called a _______.
nucleus
The chromosomal hereditary material is packaged in this organelle in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells. This organelle is
nucleus
Which structure is the repository of the genetic information that directs all of the activities of the cell?
nucleus
The cytoplasmic space in eukaryotic cells is occupied by many diverse membrane-bound structures with specific cellular functions. These are called
organelles
The interior of eukaryotic cells contain numerous membrane-bound structures called
organelles
The cell theory states that all of the ________ on earth are individual cells or aggregates of cells.
organisms
The proteins of the plasma membrane are in large part responsible for the cell's ability to interact with its environment. They act as or are involved in all of the following except
packaging DNA
The process often referred to as "cellular eating" is
phagocytosis
The fluid nature of the membranes is attributed to a lateral movement of
phospholipid molecules
Red blood cells are biconcave. Their shape is determined by interior proteins anchored to the membrane termed
spectrins
the electron microscope can magnify an object typically
tens of thousand times bigger
How are the tails and heads of membrane phospholipids oriented in their environment
the hydrophobic tails are oriented toward each other and the hydrophillic heads are oriented toward the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid
A cell biologist has developed a new drug that will block the cis face of the Golgi apparatus. If eventually approved by the FDA, she wants to use this new drug to aid cancer patients. What specifically will this drug prevent from happening inside a cancer cell?
the movement of the lipids and proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome is a very rare disease that is caused by several different mutations in the lamin A gene. If you were to culture cells from patients who have Progeria, what effect might you expect to see over time?
the nucleus would become misshapen
All of the following about flagella of bacteria are true except
they have similar function as mitochondria of eukaryotic cells
