Chapter 4 Biology- Clack
Tay-Sachs disease results from ______ lacking a specific type of lipid-digesting enzyme.
lysosomes
Information is transferred from the nucleus to ribosomes via ______.
mRNA
Rough endoplasmic reticulum appears "rough" because __________.
many ribosomes stud the outside of the ER membrane
Vacuoles are ______.
membranous sacs
Coded genetic information is produced in the nucleus and transferred to the cytoplasm in a molecule called _____.
messenger RNA
Which of the following are components of the cytoskeleton that help move chromosomes when cells divide?
microtubules
In addition to the nucleus, which of the following are organelles that contain DNA?
mitochondria and chloroplasts
The earliest cells detectable in fossils were different from the cells in animals, plants, fungi, and protists living today. These first prokaryotic cells gave rise to eukaryotic cells approximately 1.7 billion years ago. The structure of eukaryotic cells today suggests how they might have evolved from their prokaryotic ancestors. Scientists examining mitochondria and chloroplasts now think that these organelles were probably free-living prokaryotes before becoming a part of eukaryotic cells long ago. Which of the following is a characteristic of mitochondria that suggests that they might have evolved from free-living bacteria?
mitochondria have their own DNA
The fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane is characterized by __________.
molecules moving freely past one another
In some eukaryotic cells, cilia and flagella are motile, cellular appendages that aid the cell in _____.
movement
Bacteria become antibiotic-resistant over time as a result of __________.
natural selection and random genetic mutations
Which of the following structures manufactures the components of ribosomes?
nucleolus
What is the genetic center of the eukaryotic cell?
nucleus
Where does protein synthesis take place?
on ribosomes
Which of the following are the two main components of cellular membranes?
proteins and phospholipids
What structures move proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus?
transport vesicles
Plant cells, unlike animal cells, are characterized by the presence of a ______.
cell wall and central vacuole
In eukaryotic cells, what name is given to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane?
cytoplasm
The term used to indicate the part of a eukaryotic cell where organelles are suspended in fluid is _____.
cytoplasm
______ store the information necessary to produce proteins.
genes
The Golgi apparatus mainly functions to modify _____.
proteins
Identify which type of microscope you would use to study (a) Internal structure of a dead human liver cell. (b) the finest details of surface texture of a human hair (c) the changes in shape of a living human WBC
(a) Transmission electron microscope(TEM) (b) Scanning electron microscope (c) Light microscope
What is the size of the smallest object that can be viewed as a distinct, separate object with a light microscope?
.2 micrometers. size of small bacterial cells.
What is the resolution power of electron microscope
0.2 nanometer (nm)
Most human cells contain ______ chromosomes.
46
The earliest cells detectable in fossils were different from the cells in animals, plants, fungi, and protists living today. These first prokaryotic cells gave rise to eukaryotic cells approximately 1.7 billion years ago. The structure of eukaryotic cells today suggests how they might have evolved from their prokaryotic ancestors. Scientists examining mitochondria and chloroplasts now think that these organelles were probably free-living prokaryotes before becoming a part of eukaryotic cells long ago. What evidence suggests that mitochondria might have evolved before chloroplasts?
Almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria but only some cells have chloroplasts.
The endomembrane system includes____.
Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum
A study conducted by the National Institutes of Health on the infectivity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) stated their hypothesis as __________.
MRSA bacteria lacking the ability to produce a protein (PSM) would be less deadly than those producing it
A prokaryotic cell's DNA is coiled into a nucleus like region called
Nucleoid
Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus?
protein modification
Cells were first discovered by
Robert Hooke
Tobacco smokers (and those exposed to tobacco smoke) are at greater risk of an ectopic (tubal) pregnancy. Based on your understanding of the structures of the cytoskeleton, what is the best explanation?
Tobacco interferes with the sweeping motion of cilia that aids in the movement of the egg toward the uterus.
What is the smallest entity that exhibits all the characteristics of life?
a cell
The nuclear envelope is composed of ______.
a double membrane
Surrounding the plasma membrane of many prokaryotic cells is a rigid wall that helps maintain its shape, called
cell wall
Microtubules are associated with ______.
all of the above
Some ribosomes are suspended in the cytosol of a cell, whereas other ribosomes _______.
are attached to the outside of the nucleus
A hormone that will be secreted from the cell is manufactured by ribosomes _____.
attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
Which one of the following groups is composed of prokaryotic cells?
bacteria ( Single cell organisms)
The electron microscope has been particularly useful in studying bacteria because __________.
bacteria are so small.
Over 100 years ago, microbiologist Paul Ehrlich talked about his concept of the ideal antibiotic as a "magic bullet" that could kill harmful bacterial but have minimal side effects for the infected person. How do antibiotics accomplish this goal?
by targeting structures found only in bacterial cells and not the host cells. e.g Erythromycin binds to bacterial ribosomes.
Which theory states that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells
cell theory
A plant cell has a versatile compartment that stores organic nutrients, absorbs water, and contains poisons that protect against plant-eating animals. This compartment is the _____.
central vacuole
In plant cells, ______ may contain organic nutrients, pigments, and poisons.
central vacuoles
Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?
chloroplast
The earliest cells detectable in fossils were different from the cells in animals, plants, fungi, and protists living today. These first prokaryotic cells gave rise to eukaryotic cells approximately 1.7 billion years ago. The structure of eukaryotic cells today suggests how they might have evolved from their prokaryotic ancestors. Scientists examining mitochondria and chloroplasts now think that these organelles were probably free-living prokaryotes before becoming a part of eukaryotic cells long ago. Which of the following is a characteristic of chloroplasts that suggests that they might have evolved from free-living bacteria?
chloroplast have their own DNA
The structural combination of DNA and protein forms ______.
chromatin
Within the nucleus of a cell, long DNA molecules and associated proteins form fibers called _____.
chromatin
The figure below shows a Paramecium, a single-celled freshwater protist. The hairlike structures visible on the Paramecium allow it to move. These structures are ______.
cilia
The function of the chloroplast is to __________.
convert light energy to chemical energy
Inside all cells is a jelly like fluid called the ______, in which cellular components are suspended
cytosol
If a cell's lysosomes burst, the cell would ______.
digest itself
Lysosomes are responsible for ______.
digestion of organic material inside the cell
Which of the following is stored in the lysosomes of the cell?
digestive enzymes
The nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles make up the __________.
endomembrane system
A major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that __________.
eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles; prokaryotic cells do not
When mixed with water, phospholipids spontaneously form membranes because they ______.
have hydrophilic phosphate groups that are attracted to water and hydrophobic fatty acid tails that avoid water
One difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells ______ prokaryotic cells.
have membrane-enclosed structures called organelles, which are lacking in
The child shown in the figure below is not feeling well. Why does the poster say "No Antibiotics Please"?
his illness is caused by a virus
A protist that contains contractile vacuoles most likely lives ______.
in fresh water
Examine the following photographs. Which of the techniques reveal internal cellular detail?
light micrograph and transmission electron micrograph
The most commonly used microscope, which uses visible light to view cells, is called a _______.
light microscope
Functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum include ______.
lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, and drug detoxification
Based on its function in detoxifying drugs, you would expect to find a large amount of smooth ER in ______ cells.
liver
______ are the major lipids of plasma membranes.
phospholipid
The concept of a membrane as a fluid mosaic reflects the ability of ______.
phospholipids and most proteins to drift about in the plane of the membrane
Feature of a prokaryotic cell that helps it attach. b) propel c) Sticky coating that provides protection and helps stick
pili b) Flagella c) Capsule
You find a cell of a type you have never seen before. The cell has both a nucleus and a cell wall. Therefore, you conclude that it must be a ______ cell.
plant
Mitochondria, the sites of cellular respiration, are found in __________.
plant cells and animal cells
Which of these distinguishes a plant cell from an animal cell?
presence of a cell wall
When using a light microscope to view a cell you obtained from scraping under your fingernails, you notice that the cell lacks a nucleus; therefore, you conclude that the cell must be a type of ______ cell.
prokaryotic
The extracellular matrix of animal cells ______.
protect and support cells
Which of the following is a function of the plasma membrane?
regulate traffic of chemicals into and out of the cell
What are the primary sites of protein production in a eukaryotic cell?
ribosomes
What type of microscope would be best for studying the detailed structure of the surface of a plasma membrane?
scanning electron microscope
Cellular respiration can be described as the conversion of the energy ______.
stored in food molecules to energy stored in ATP
Similar to the nucleus, chloroplasts and mitochondria are ______.
surrounded by two membranes
Which of the following is an adaptation to increase the surface area of a part of a cell that is involved in cellular respiration?
the cristae of a mitochondria
Examine the structures of the plant and animal cells below. Which of the following organelles connect(s) to the nuclear envelope?
the endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following parts of a cell is (are) most like the shipping center of a company?
the golgi apparatus
Which of the following correctly matches the organelle with its function?
vacuole.... storage
