Chapter 4: Finding Sources of Evidence

plagiarism

The definition of ___________________ is using another's work without giving proper credit.

quality

The peer review is conducted to ensure the ______________________ and integrity of published works.

evaluation - The peer review process establishes the quality of the literature so that the layperson can be assured of its content

The peer review process involves rigorous _________________________ by experts and editors.

Integrative reviews

Which of the following are scholarly papers that synthesize published studies and articles to answer questions about phenomena of interest?

Meta-analyses

Which of the following combine results of studies into a measurable format and statistically estimate the effects of proposed interventions?

Summaries of primary sources Commentaries or interpretations Reviews All of the above***

Which of the following is an example of secondary sources?

Zithromax has shown statistically significant results in the treatment of URIs.

Which of the following statements should be cited if used in a research paper?

systematic reviews

Which of the following summarize the results and implications of large quantities of research and include articles addressing the same clinical problem?

indexes

a listing of electronic or print resources

scientific literature publication cycle

a model describing how research becomes disseminated in publications

magazine

a resource targeted to the general reading audience

periodical

a resource that is published on a set schedule

journal

a scholarly or professional resource

integrative review

a scholarly paper that synthesizes published studies to answer questions about phenomena of interest

precision

a search strategy that narrows the parameters of the search

truncation

a search strategy that uses a symbol at the end of a group of letters that form the root search term

interlibrary loan

a service whereby libraries provide items in their collections to each other upon request; lending of items through a network of libraries

subject headings

a set of controlled vocabulary used to classify materials; organization of databases according to topic

nesting

a strategy best used when a search contains two or more Boolean operators

recall

a strategy used to search for the number of records retrieved with a keyword; the broad "catch" of retrieved records

keyword

a word used to search electronic databases; a significant word from a title or document used as an index to content

qualification

limiting fields of search, commonly using limits such as author, title, or subject

primary sources

original information presented by the person or people responsible for creating it

search field

where each piece of information contained in the record is entered

Boolean operators

words such as and, or, and not, that specify the relationship between search terms

stopwords

words, such as a, the, and in, that are so commonly used that they can hinder accurate record retrieval

scholarly literature

works written and edited by professionals in the discipline for other colleagues

trade literature

works written for professionals in a discipline using a more casual tone than used in scholarly literature

popular literature

works written to inform or entertain the general public

Peer review ensures...

That papers are high quality and that laypersons reading the works can be confident in what is said.

Articles that discuss anorexia only - The NOT operator would find all records containing "anorexia" and remove any that also contain "bulimia."

A nurse conducting a keyword search of a literature database enters the search terms "anorexia NOT bulimia" to obtain what result?

cite

A simple rule to follow in written materials is if statements or graphics are not your original work, it is best to _______________ the source

Appraise the materials to ensure their integrity and applicability. - Using a librarian can help with this process if you are unsure.

After a database search has been completed and you have located published literature on your topic, what is the next step?

Exclude any materials for which you have doubts about their integrity. Verify questionable material elsewhere using a reputable source. Ask a nursing faculty member or a librarian for assistance. All of the above.****

After completing a database search, if you have any doubts or concerns regarding the validity of articles you've located, what options do you have to resolve the issue?

value; practice; Assessing the value of an intervention for clinical practice is a key skill for nurses.

An article by J. Lander published in Clinical Nursing Research in 2005 outlined the competencies that nursing students need to develop to perform a quality literature review. One key competency is to be able to assess the __________________ of an intervention for clinical _______________.

credible; access - Evaluating resources for reliability and being able to access such sources is a skill needed throughout a nurse's career and not just during her academic training.

An article by J. Lander published in Clinical Nursing Research in 2005 outlined the competencies that nursing students need to develop to perform a quality literature review. One key competency is to know what sources of information are reliable and __________________ and how to ________ them using available resources and technology.

specific; Understanding research designs is an important factor in understanding whether or not a source is reliable in its conclusions.

An article by J. Lander published in Clinical Nursing Research in 2005 outlined the competencies that nursing students need to develop to perform a quality literature review. One key competency is to understand the various types of designs and ________________ design issues

common

Certain concepts have become ________________ knowledge and as such, do not need to be attributed to a source.

common knowledge - assumes that if something is commonly known in the field, it is not necessary to cite a source.

The ____________ test can help determine if it is necessary to cite a source in a written work

Narrows the search to include only articles that contain both words. - While the two words connected may be in different places, the AND operator is often helpful when needing to narrow a search.

In conducting a keyword search of a literature database, including the Boolean operator "AND" to connect two words has what effect on the search results?

Expands the search to include all articles containing either word. - The OR operator will broaden a search so that you will actually get more results, not less.

In conducting a keyword search of a literature database, including the Boolean operator "OR" to connect two words has what effect on the search results?

a standardized, hierarchical list of terms that represent major subjects and conditions - can help to narrow a search based on the vocabulary's hierarchy.

In searching a database, a controlled vocabulary is

qualification - limits searches only to a particular field, e.g., the author field, of a database.

In searching a literature database, you would use the ____________ technique to designate which fields (e.g., author, title, subject, publication date) are to be included in the search.

exploding - greatly increases the number of records in the results of the search. Most health science databases use exploding searches.

In searching database subject headings, you would use the ____________technique to broaden the search by locating all records indexed to your search term plus any that include the term in a related, narrower category.

searching full text or citation records - When searching full text or citations, keywords will find records that are not using the particular hierarchy used in that database's controlled vocabulary.

In which situation does the use of keywords provide better results than a controlled vocabulary search?

paraphrased

It may be necessary to credit sources even when the original statements are ______________________ (rewritten in your own words) if the concept being presented must be attributed to another.

controlled vocabularies

Standardized hierarchical lists that represent major subjects within a database

Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL)

What is the most recognized and widely used database of published nursing practice literature?

To ensure confidence in the quality of published works

What is the purpose of the peer-review process?

grey literature - while not yet published, can often contain information about upcoming popular topics in the field.

What type of scholarly material can indicate upcoming "hot" topics and includes unpublished reports, conference papers, and grant proposals?

plagiarism/citation

When a source is used and the information is not common knowledge, that source should always be cited to give proper credit.

record

basic building block in an electronic or print database

systematic reviews

combine the qualities of narrative reviews, meta-analyses, and integrative reviews. Systematic reviews must include research that addresses the same clinical problem.

meta-analyses

combine the results of published and unpublished research studies and use statistics to estimate the effects of interventions proposed by the studies.

secondary sources

commentaries, summaries, reviews, or interpretations of the primary sources; often written by those not involved in the original work

electronic indexes

electronic listings of electronic or print resources

print index

printed listing of electronic or print resources

narrative reviews

reviews based on common or uncommon elements of works without concern for research methods, designs, or settings; traditional literature review

subject searching

searching databases using controlled vocabulary

Integrative reviews can use a grid system...

showing methods, theories, and empirical findings that allow readers to easily compare the synthesized studies.

wildcards

symbols substituted for one or more letters in a search term

exploding

technique for searching subject headings that identifies all records indexed to that term

positional operators

terms that specify the number of words that can appear between search terms

peer review

when experts and editors rigorously evaluate a manuscript submitted for publication

call number

unique identification number assigned to items in a library by subject and author name

grey literature

unpublished reports, conference papers, and grant proposals

citation chasing

used a reference list to identify sources of evidence