Chapter 4 History
"It is proposed that humble application be made for an act of Parliament of Great Britain, by virtue of which one general government may be formed in America, including all the said colonies, within and under which government each colony may retain its present constitution." —From Albany Plan of Union What is being proposed here?
formation of a union of the colonies; a central government
Why were rice plantations dependent upon slave labor?
he production of this crop required its workers to possess knowledge of the land and rice cultivation, as well a sufficient labor force able to maintain it. In addition to being knowledgeable about the process of cultivating rice, West African peoples also had the advantage of being able to easily adapt to the moist Carolina climate and landscape.
The Middle Colonies had a mix of many different people, giving the region a diverse culture. What ethnic groups came to the Middle Colonies? How did they help improve farming?
the MIDDLE COLONIES of Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware. European ethnic groups as manifold as English, Swedes, Dutch, Germans, Scots-Irish and French lived in closer proximity than in any location on continental Europe. The middle colonies contained Native American tribes of Algonkian and Iroquois language groups as well as a sizable percentage of African slaves during the early years. Unlike solidly Puritan New England, the middle colonies presented an assortment of religions. The presence of Quakers, MENNONITES, LUTHERANS, DUTCH CALVINISTS, and PRESBYTERIANS made the dominance of one faith next to impossible.
What role did immigrants play in the development of a new spirit of independence among the American people? How important is this spirit to the American national identity?
1-everyone was welcome, led to diversity and equality-freedom of religion-importance of education, high literacy rates-civic virtue-responsibility for freedom-gov't-brought with them the ideas of democracy2-very important-still influences American identity today
Why did both Britain and France want control of the Ohio River valley? What economic activity in the region was important for the French?
1-good soil for farming-trading w/ Natives-lots of water sources2-fur trade
How did the British system of government change in the 1600s? What are some British ideas about government that influenced the attitudes of the colonists?
1-raise taxes on colonies-avoid expenses-limited western expansion-colonists resented it, needed land2-fought and died for land off limits
What were some of the key events of the French and Indian War? Sequence the events chronologically to show how the war unfolded.
1757-Pitt comes in; 1758-fight at Louisbourg (British win); 1759-fight at Quebec (British win and make France sign a treaty)
Near which major city were ironworks found?A. PhiladelphiaB. RichmondC. WilliamsburgD. Savannah
A
Benjamin Franklin served a number of roles in the American colonies in the 1700s. Write an essay about the way he represented key qualities of the American spirit.
Benjamin Franklin served a number of roles in the American colonies in the 1700s. Write an essay about the way he represented key qualities of the American spirit.
How did the Proclamation of 1763 help cause the American Revolution?
Britain's King George declared that colonists were not to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains. To enforce the new rule, the British planned to keep 10,000 troops in America. The Proclamation of 1763 helped removed a source of conflict with Native Americans. It also kept colonists on the coast—where the British could control them.
identify the factors in colonial America that caused conflict with Great Britain.
By the 1770's, Great Britain had established a number of colonies in North America. The American colonists thought of themselves as citizens of Great Britain and subjects of King George III. They were tied to Britain through trade and by the way they were governed. Trade was restricted so the colonies had to rely on Britain for imported goods and supplies. There were no banks and very little money, so colonists used barter and credit to get the things they needed. Following the French and Indian War, Britain wanted to control expansion into the western territories. The King issued the Proclamation of 1763 prohibiting settlements beyond the Appalachian Mountains. Colonists who had already settled on these lands were ordered to return east of the mountains. In 1765 Parliament passed the Quartering Act that said the colonists needed to find or pay for lodging for British soldiers stationed in America. With the French and Indian War over, many colonists saw no need for soldiers to be stationed in the colonies. Britain also needed money to pay for its war debts. The King and Parliament believed they had the right to tax the colonies. They decided to require several kinds of taxes from the colonists to help pay for the French and Indian War. These taxes included the Stamp Act, passed in 1765, which required the use of special paper bearing an embossed tax stamp for all legal documents. Other laws, such as the Townsend Acts, passed in 1767, required the colonists to pay taxes on imported goods like tea. Many colonists felt that they should not pay these taxes, because they were passed in England by Parliament, not by their own colonial governments. They protested, saying that these taxes violated their rights as British citizens.
This map illustrates trade and industry in the American colonies around 1750. Based on the map, what trade and industry was found only in the Southern Colonies?A. lumberB. fur and skinsC. rice and indigoD. fishing
C
How would the resulting government from the Albany Plan of Union have affected the individual colonies?
How would the resulting government from the Albany Plan of Union have affected the individual colonies?
How did geography shape the lives of the American colonists? Write a summary essay in which you consider how geographic factors shaped the development of life in the colonies, but also how it led to conflict, including conflicts with Great Britain.
In the colonies, soil and climate determined what they could grow. Living near water gave settlers a way to transport good.New England region - People farmed thin, rocky soil so farming wasn't their main business. Instead, they traded goods with England and other colonies. Others cut timber from forests. Or they built ships, fished, or hunted for whales.Mid-Atlantic region - They had rich soil and a warmer climate. So, they planted wheat and dug iron from the ground.Southern region - They had even warmer weather. The land was flat & the soil was rich. So they planted cash crops like tobacco & rice. Their large farms were called plantations.
Use presentation software or a poster to create a presentation that illustrates how life in colonial America was influenced and shaped by geography. Use illustrations of life in the different colonies and colonial regions, and include explanations of how the illustrations show geographic differences and factors.
In the colonies, soil and climate determined what they could grow. Living near water gave settlers a way to transport good.New England region - People farmed thin, rocky soil so farming wasn't their main business. Instead, they traded goods with England and other colonies. Others cut timber from forests. Or they built ships, fished, or hunted for whales.Mid-Atlantic region - They had rich soil and a warmer climate. So, they planted wheat and dug iron from the ground.Southern region - They had even warmer weather. The land was flat & the soil was rich. So they planted cash crops like tobacco & rice. Their large farms were called plantations.
Compare the physical characteristics of New England with those of the Middle Colonies. What characteristics led New England to develop more industry and larger cities?
In the winter they had very bad soil and it made farming difficult, so they found other ways to make money. They had access to streams, so they power their mill by water. They were near water so they fished a lot. It was a good place to farm and to ship things. They had lots of industries, which allowed for more jobs.
How did physical geography influence the population growth of New York City and Philadelphia in the 1600s and 1700s?
It was a good place to farm and to ship things. They had lots of industries, which allowed for more jobs.
Describe Peter Zenger's role in the development of freedom of the press in colonial America.
John Peter Zenger was a German immigrant who printed a publication called The NEW YORK WEEKLY JOURNAL. This publication harshly pointed out the actions of the corrupt royal governor, WILLIAM S. COSBY. It accused the government of rigging elections and allowing the French enemy to explore New York harbor. It accused the governor of an assortment of crimes and basically labeled him an idiot. Although Zenger merely printed the articles, he was hauled into jail. The authors were anonymous, and Zenger would not name them. In 1733, Zenger was accused of LIBEL,
Why did the colonists come to resent English trade policies?
Many colonists felt that they should not pay these taxes, because they were passed in England by Parliament, not by their own colonial governments. They protested, saying that these taxes violated their rights as British citizens. The colonists started to resist by boycotting, or not buying, British goods.
The First Great Awakening inspired independence of thought. How did the First Great Awakening contribute to the growth of representative government?
Most of the colonists had the same religion, Protestant Christianity. The Great Awakening inspired colonists to help others, and encourage ideas of equality and stressed the importance of the individual. The colonists did not have what the Great Awakening encouraged, so the colonists wanted to fight for their rights. The Great Awakening thought the message of equality(equality in the eyes of God, equal equality in the eyes of the government. The Great Awakening united the colonists for the first time, and they realized that they had a lot in common, especially their unequal treatment by the British government and the king. (2 questions) What ideas were
Describe the economic theory that encouraged European nations to colonize North America.
Nations choose to colonize territory mostly for economic opportunity. Mercantilism encouraged European nations to use colonies as a source of raw materials and markets.o Individuals and groups such as the Puritans became colonists in order to escape religious persecution as well as find political freedom and economic opportunities that promised social mobility such as with French fur trappers and indentured workers.
Why do you think many Puritans, Quakers, and Mennonites condemned slavery? What were the conditions of slavery that led them to this conclusion?
Religion grounds & Moral grounds. The groups said that: people getting kidnapped, having them put on a ship that has poor living conditions, selling them, and then making them work hard for the rest of their lives, is wrong.
How did British economic policies change after the French and Indian War?
The British was in great debt after the French and Indian War because they had to send supplies, and troops to the colonies to protect them. By the end of the war they had 10,000 troops in North America. Their debt was 140 million pounds. For the time period, that was quite a lot of money. The British felt that they had and were spending too much money to protect the colonies. Since they were in so much debt they started taxing the colonists with taxes such as the Stamp Act, the Townsend Acts (caused the Boston Massacre), and the Tea Act which then caused the Boston Tea Party which then caused Britain to pass the Intolerable Acts. They also passed the Proclamation of 1763 which prohibited settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains to try and decrease the amount of violence between the colonists and the Indians that were settled in that area. They were also trying to decrease the amount of troops in North America with this Proclamation.
What impact did the First Great Awakening have on religious freedom?
The Great Awakening inspired greater religious freedom. It led to the formation of many new types of churches. The new churches placed an emphasis on having personal faith rather than on church rituals. More colonists began choosing their own faiths, and the strength of established official churches declined. As a Baptist preacher noted soon after the Great Awakening, "The common people now claim as good a right to judge and act in matters of religion as civil rulers or the learned clergy." The Great Awakening also united colonists from north to south in a common experience. The colonists overcame regional barriers, and this helped pave the way for the rapid spread of revolutionary ideas and excitement during the struggle for independence.
What were some ways women contributed to society in colonial America?
The main job of the woman during colonial times was to manage the home. They were responsible for raising the children, cooking meals, sewing clothes, weaving cloth, and keeping the house in order. Women worked extremely hard during colonial times.
Why did the plantation system develop in the Southern Colonies?
The plantation system developed for several reasons. The Southern colonies had been founded by companies or proprietors who wished to make a profit, and they accordingly encouraged cash crops like tobacco (in the Chesapeake) and rice (in the Low Country). These crops were labor intensive, which meant that growers turned first to indentured servants and then to African slaves as a labor supply (so, too, did sugar planters in the Caribbean.) They also required a great deal of land and capital, which meant that due to an economic principle called "economies of scale," cash crops, especially rice, favored very wealthy people with large landholdings and access to large labor forces. So in the Southern colonies/United States, the economic realities of staple crop production favored the formation of large farms, or plantations. Cotton, which emerged as the biggest cash crop in the nineteenth-century South, was less shaped by economies of scale--many small planters and farmers could profitably raise the crop. But even still, the largest cotton planters in places like Alabama and Mississippi dominated the Southern economy and increasingly its politics. Large capital investments in land and enslaved people made the production of large amounts of cotton profitable, so the region's dependence on cash crops continued to foster the plantation system.
The Southern Colonies came to rely on slavery to support their economy. What role did geography play in the spread of slavery in that region?
The southern colonies coastal ports made entry/exit easy for the slave trade. The southern colonies large amounts of fertile lands were ideal for slave work as well.
Tension between the American colonies and England increased during the colonial period. Write a paragraph describing some of the reasons for this growing distrust.
The tension between the American colonies and England increased during the colonial period for several reasons. The colonists were unfairly taxed several times. The only way these taxes were repealed was because of boycotting and resentment. The troops that were sent to America to enforce these taxes caused more tension because of their presence. British troops were sent into colonists' homes to search for hidden weaponry and were met by the colonial minutemen. The Proclamation of Rebellion did not help with the behavior of the colonists and made tension grow even more. Not only was taxation a problem, but several laws put in place caused the tension between Britain and the American colonies to escalate.
In what way were town meetings important to the development of local government? How might they have helped the growth of representative government?
Town meetings were important because it helped people to find ways to state their opinions about what is happening. This might have helped because they could vote for people that they thought had good opinions about things and that had good plans for the colony.
