Chapter 4
Biogenous sediments are indicated by the number(s): 2 & 4. 2, 3, & 4. 2, 3, 4, & 5. 2 & 3. 1.
2, 3, & 4
Calcareous oozes are represented by the number(s): 4. 2 & 3. 1. 2. 3 & 4.
4
A. coccolithophores B. diatoms C. foraminiferans D. oolites E. radiolarians
D oolites
Macroscopic biogenous sediment is the most abundant biogenous sediment in the marine environment. True False
False
Sediments derived from weathered rock and volcanic activities are called biogenous sediments. True False
False
Calcareous shells generally will not accumulate on the ocean floor when the water depth exceeds about 4,500 meters (around 15,000 feet). True False
True
Calcium carbonate, phosphates, and manganese may precipitate out of solution to form deposits on the ocean floor. True False
True
Organisms that live on the ocean floor may be responsible for keeping manganese nodules from being buried in the sediment. True False
True
Texture refers to the size and shape of sediment particles. True False
True
The organisms that contribute to biogenous sediment are chiefly algae and protozoans. True False
True
Calcareous ooze is found in cooler waters at depth around the world. True False
True
A. siliceous ooze B. quartz sand C. rock fragments D. clay E. volcanic ash
A
Which of the following conditions allows for calcareous ooze to be found beneath the CCD? Select only one answer. The ooze accumulates above the CCD and then is covered before being transported to deeper depths by sea floor spreading. Conditions of high salinity are present. The calcareous ooze accumulates faster than it dissolves. The deposit undergoes slow burial. The deposit is mixed with hydrogenous sediment.
the ooze accumulate above the CCD and then is covered before being transported to deeper depths by sea floor spreading
What do manganese nodules, metal sulfides, and evaporites all have in common? They all form at deep-ocean sites where lithogenous sediments are rare. They all form from chemical reactions modified by living organisms. They all contain commercially valuable metals that are collected from the sea floor. They all precipitate from water oversaturated in their respective minerals. They all are restricted to regions of high evaporation overlying the continental shelf.
they all precipitate from water oversaturated in their respective minerals
A. biogenous B. calcareous C. cosmogenous D. hydrogenous E. lithogenous
B calcareous
Marine sediments that originate in the warm tropical surface ocean would create deposits in the deep sea composed primarily of ___________. quartz sand metal sulfides silica volcanic ash calcium carbonate
Calcium Carbonate
CCD particle size classification depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved) depth at which calcium carbonate begins to dissolve associated with glacial deposits associated with submarine canyons and deep-sea alluvial fans
Depth at which calcium carbonate is in solution
Which of the following are microscopic, single-celled floating algae that accumulate to form biogenous sediment? Diatoms Foraminifers Coccolithophores Radiolarians
Diatoms Coccolithophores
Which of the following organisms are responsible for the creation of siliceous ooze? Diatoms Foraminifers Coccolithophores Radiolarians
Diatoms Radiolarians
Of the following environments, where would you expect to find large amounts of lithogenous sediment? on the continental slope along the mid-ocean ridge on coral reefs that exist just below the water surface in deep trenches not far offshore on the continental shelf
In Deep trenches not far offshore on the continental shelf
Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. Wentworth Scale associated with submarine canyons and deep-sea alluvial fans depth at which calcium carbonate begins to dissolve associated with glacial deposits particle size classification depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved)
Particle size classification
Sediment samples from deep beneath the ocean floor are recovered by __________. dredging grab sampling gravity coring instrumented probes rotary drilling
Rotary Drilling
What can you infer about the ocean environment from a core sample composed of the following layers: siliceous ooze (youngest layer) calcareous ooze basalt rock (oldest layer) The core was collected from the mid-ocean ridge in water shallower than 4,000 meters. The core was collected beneath a region of low-productivity at a depth greater than the calcite compensation depth (CCD). The core was collected in a warm-water region in water deeper than 4,500 meters. The core was collected from a region where the seafloor is shallower than the calcite compensation depth (CCD). The core was collected in a region of high surface productivity in water deeper than 4,500 meters.
The core was collected in a region of high surface productivity in water deeper than 4,500 meters
Sediments that are poorly sorted were most likely deposited by: the wind. a glacier. a river delta. a volcanic eruption. organisms
a glacier
Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. ice rafting associated with glacial deposits particle size classification depth at which calcium carbonate begins to dissolve depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved) associated with submarine canyons and deep-sea alluvial fans
associated with glacial deposits
coccolithophores hydrogenous sediment cosmogenous sediment lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment biogenous sediment
biogenous
The presence of what type of macroscopic sediment would provide evidence of a meteorite impact on Earth? oolites micrometeorites tektites chondrites spherules
chondrites
The sea floor provides the largest reservoir of usable energy in the ocean—and likely the world—in the form of ______________. crude oil clathrates phosphorites halites coal
clathrates
Ocean sediments provide all the following mineral resources except : methane hydrates. sand and gravel. manganese nodules. petroleum. coal.
coal
You add sand, silt, and clay to a jar of water, shake the jar vigorously, and allow the sediment to settle. The resulting sediment will most closely resemble that of a(n) __________. mid-ocean ridge abyssal plain tropical reef or bank abyssal hills province continental rise
continental Rise
Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called: lithogenous. hydrogenous. volcanogenic. cosmogenous. biogenous.
cosmogenous
All the following are examples of lithogenous sediment except : glacial deposits. clays. volcanic particles. diatom ooze. beach sand.
diatom ooze
Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. manganese nodules lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment hydrogenous sediment biogenous sediment cosmogenous sediment
hydrogenous sediment
metal sulfides lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment cosmogenous sediment hydrogenous sediment biogenous sediment
hydrogenous sediments
Phosphate-rich nodules form in: mid-ocean ridges. hydrothermal vent areas. intermediate to shallow depth water. abyssal plains. estuaries.
intermediate to shallow depth water
Pelagic clays contain lots of material that settles to the seafloor through the water column and are: less than 30% neritic material. less than 30% biogenous material. more than 30% neritic material. more than 30% biogenous material. more than 30% hydrogenous material.
ledd than 30% biogenous material
Sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called: cosmogenous. lithogenous. hydrogenous. biogenous. volcanogenic.
lithogenous
Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. abyssal clay lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment biogenous sediment cosmogenous sediment hydrogenous sediment
lithogenous Sediments
Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristic? low oxygen concentration high oxygen concentration low carbon dioxide concentration high carbon dioxide concentration low salinity
low salinity
Of the following sediments, which one(s) is/are considered hydrogenous? black volcanic beach sand manganese nodules tests of foraminifers radiolarian ooze abyssal clay coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers
magnesium nodules coating of metal sulfides near black smokers
All the following statements are true of ocean sediments except : ocean sediments are thickest in pelagic waters overlying the oceanic ridges. ocean sediments may form from the remains of living organisms falling to the ocean floor. ocean sediments include the remains of ancient rocks of cosmic origin. ocean sediments can include the fossilized remains of ancient marine life. ocean sediments may be composed of chemical precipitates such as calcium carbonate or manganese dioxide.
ocean sediments are thickest in pelagic water overlying the oceanic ridges
Marine sediment with more than 30% biogenous material is called __________. slime ooze oolite clathrate mud
ooze
The most abundant mineral in lithogenous sediments is __________. halite quartz calcite aragonite gypsum
quartz
Which of the following contains silica (SiO2)? radiolarians phosphorites foraminiferans corals coccolithophores
radiolarians
Neritic sediments are most likely to be composed of __________. biogenic ooze sand, silt, and gravel red clay basalt fragments and metallic sulfides halite, gypsum, and anhydrite
sand silt and gravel
All the following are examples of hydrogenous sediment except : stromatolites. phosphates. evaporites. halites. manganese nodule.
stromatolites
A. halite and other salts B. manganese nodules C. metal sulfides D. phosphates E. tektites
tektites
