Chapter 4

Biogenous sediments are indicated by the number(s): 2 & 4. 2, 3, & 4. 2, 3, 4, & 5. 2 & 3. 1.

2, 3, & 4

Calcareous oozes are represented by the number(s): 4. 2 & 3. 1. 2. 3 & 4.

4

A. coccolithophores B. diatoms C. foraminiferans D. oolites E. radiolarians

D oolites

Macroscopic biogenous sediment is the most abundant biogenous sediment in the marine environment. True False

False

Sediments derived from weathered rock and volcanic activities are called biogenous sediments. True False

False

Calcareous shells generally will not accumulate on the ocean floor when the water depth exceeds about 4,500 meters (around 15,000 feet). True False

True

Calcium carbonate, phosphates, and manganese may precipitate out of solution to form deposits on the ocean floor. True False

True

Organisms that live on the ocean floor may be responsible for keeping manganese nodules from being buried in the sediment. True False

True

Texture refers to the size and shape of sediment particles. True False

True

The organisms that contribute to biogenous sediment are chiefly algae and protozoans. True False

True

Calcareous ooze is found in cooler waters at depth around the world. True False

True

A. siliceous ooze B. quartz sand C. rock fragments D. clay E. volcanic ash

A

Which of the following conditions allows for calcareous ooze to be found beneath the CCD? Select only one answer. The ooze accumulates above the CCD and then is covered before being transported to deeper depths by sea floor spreading. Conditions of high salinity are present. The calcareous ooze accumulates faster than it dissolves. The deposit undergoes slow burial. The deposit is mixed with hydrogenous sediment.

the ooze accumulate above the CCD and then is covered before being transported to deeper depths by sea floor spreading

What do manganese nodules, metal sulfides, and evaporites all have in common? They all form at deep-ocean sites where lithogenous sediments are rare. They all form from chemical reactions modified by living organisms. They all contain commercially valuable metals that are collected from the sea floor. They all precipitate from water oversaturated in their respective minerals. They all are restricted to regions of high evaporation overlying the continental shelf.

they all precipitate from water oversaturated in their respective minerals

A. biogenous B. calcareous C. cosmogenous D. hydrogenous E. lithogenous

B calcareous

Marine sediments that originate in the warm tropical surface ocean would create deposits in the deep sea composed primarily of ___________. quartz sand metal sulfides silica volcanic ash calcium carbonate

Calcium Carbonate

CCD particle size classification depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved) depth at which calcium carbonate begins to dissolve associated with glacial deposits associated with submarine canyons and deep-sea alluvial fans

Depth at which calcium carbonate is in solution

Which of the following are microscopic, single-celled floating algae that accumulate to form biogenous sediment? Diatoms Foraminifers Coccolithophores Radiolarians

Diatoms Coccolithophores

Which of the following organisms are responsible for the creation of siliceous ooze? Diatoms Foraminifers Coccolithophores Radiolarians

Diatoms Radiolarians

Of the following environments, where would you expect to find large amounts of lithogenous sediment? on the continental slope along the mid-ocean ridge on coral reefs that exist just below the water surface in deep trenches not far offshore on the continental shelf

In Deep trenches not far offshore on the continental shelf

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. Wentworth Scale associated with submarine canyons and deep-sea alluvial fans depth at which calcium carbonate begins to dissolve associated with glacial deposits particle size classification depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved)

Particle size classification

Sediment samples from deep beneath the ocean floor are recovered by __________. dredging grab sampling gravity coring instrumented probes rotary drilling

Rotary Drilling

What can you infer about the ocean environment from a core sample composed of the following layers: siliceous ooze (youngest layer) calcareous ooze basalt rock (oldest layer) The core was collected from the mid-ocean ridge in water shallower than 4,000 meters. The core was collected beneath a region of low-productivity at a depth greater than the calcite compensation depth (CCD). The core was collected in a warm-water region in water deeper than 4,500 meters. The core was collected from a region where the seafloor is shallower than the calcite compensation depth (CCD). The core was collected in a region of high surface productivity in water deeper than 4,500 meters.

The core was collected in a region of high surface productivity in water deeper than 4,500 meters

Sediments that are poorly sorted were most likely deposited by: the wind. a glacier. a river delta. a volcanic eruption. organisms

a glacier

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. ice rafting associated with glacial deposits particle size classification depth at which calcium carbonate begins to dissolve depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved) associated with submarine canyons and deep-sea alluvial fans

associated with glacial deposits

coccolithophores hydrogenous sediment cosmogenous sediment lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment biogenous sediment

biogenous

The presence of what type of macroscopic sediment would provide evidence of a meteorite impact on Earth? oolites micrometeorites tektites chondrites spherules

chondrites

The sea floor provides the largest reservoir of usable energy in the ocean—and likely the world—in the form of ______________. crude oil clathrates phosphorites halites coal

clathrates

Ocean sediments provide all the following mineral resources except : methane hydrates. sand and gravel. manganese nodules. petroleum. coal.

coal

You add sand, silt, and clay to a jar of water, shake the jar vigorously, and allow the sediment to settle. The resulting sediment will most closely resemble that of a(n) __________. mid-ocean ridge abyssal plain tropical reef or bank abyssal hills province continental rise

continental Rise

Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called: lithogenous. hydrogenous. volcanogenic. cosmogenous. biogenous.

cosmogenous

All the following are examples of lithogenous sediment except : glacial deposits. clays. volcanic particles. diatom ooze. beach sand.

diatom ooze

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. manganese nodules lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment hydrogenous sediment biogenous sediment cosmogenous sediment

hydrogenous sediment

metal sulfides lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment cosmogenous sediment hydrogenous sediment biogenous sediment

hydrogenous sediments

Phosphate-rich nodules form in: mid-ocean ridges. hydrothermal vent areas. intermediate to shallow depth water. abyssal plains. estuaries.

intermediate to shallow depth water

Pelagic clays contain lots of material that settles to the seafloor through the water column and are: less than 30% neritic material. less than 30% biogenous material. more than 30% neritic material. more than 30% biogenous material. more than 30% hydrogenous material.

ledd than 30% biogenous material

Sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called: cosmogenous. lithogenous. hydrogenous. biogenous. volcanogenic.

lithogenous

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. abyssal clay lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment biogenous sediment cosmogenous sediment hydrogenous sediment

lithogenous Sediments

Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristic? low oxygen concentration high oxygen concentration low carbon dioxide concentration high carbon dioxide concentration low salinity

low salinity

Of the following sediments, which one(s) is/are considered hydrogenous? black volcanic beach sand manganese nodules tests of foraminifers radiolarian ooze abyssal clay coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers

magnesium nodules coating of metal sulfides near black smokers

All the following statements are true of ocean sediments except : ocean sediments are thickest in pelagic waters overlying the oceanic ridges. ocean sediments may form from the remains of living organisms falling to the ocean floor. ocean sediments include the remains of ancient rocks of cosmic origin. ocean sediments can include the fossilized remains of ancient marine life. ocean sediments may be composed of chemical precipitates such as calcium carbonate or manganese dioxide.

ocean sediments are thickest in pelagic water overlying the oceanic ridges

Marine sediment with more than 30% biogenous material is called __________. slime ooze oolite clathrate mud

ooze

The most abundant mineral in lithogenous sediments is __________. halite quartz calcite aragonite gypsum

quartz

Which of the following contains silica (SiO2)? radiolarians phosphorites foraminiferans corals coccolithophores

radiolarians

Neritic sediments are most likely to be composed of __________. biogenic ooze sand, silt, and gravel red clay basalt fragments and metallic sulfides halite, gypsum, and anhydrite

sand silt and gravel

All the following are examples of hydrogenous sediment except : stromatolites. phosphates. evaporites. halites. manganese nodule.

stromatolites

A. halite and other salts B. manganese nodules C. metal sulfides D. phosphates E. tektites

tektites