chapter 4 notes:1601-1700
How could Anne Hutchinson know which ministry was which when asked by Winthrop? What was Winthrop's reaction?
"Immediate Revelation"- by the voice of God's own spirit to my soul -Winthrop seized this statement as the heresy of prophecy, the view that God revealed his will directly to a believer instead of exclusively through the Bible, as every right-minded Puritan knew.
What did the Pilgrim families do August 1620?
Board the Mayflower, after 11 weeks, all but one 102 immigrants arrived in present-day Massachusetts.
Who was William Penn?
By 1700, the English monarchy had seized New Netherland, renamed it New York, and encouraged the creation of a Quaker colony in Pennsylvania led by William Penn
Calvinism
Christian doctrine of Swiss Protestant theologian John Calvin. Its chief tenet was predestination, the idea that God had determined which human souls would receive eternal salvation. Despite this, Calvinism promoted strict discipline in daily and religious life.
Who saved the Plymouth settlement?
Indians: Samoset and then Squanto; rearranged good relations with Massasoit (chief of the Wampanoag Indians). Taught settlers/pilgrims how to harvest; celebrated thanksgiving in the fall of 1621 with Wampanoags -By 1630, Plymouth become a small permanent settlement/failed to attract other English Puritans
Antinomians
Individuals who believed that Christians could be saved by faith alone and did not need to act in accordance with God's law as set forth in the Bible. Puritan leaders considered this belief to be a heresy.
Who succeeded Queen Elizabeth I?
James I; after James I it was his son Charles I (1625)
What was the most famous sermon in American history? Who was it by? Where did it happen?
John Winthrop's sermon to his companions on the Arbella (ship). Winthrop's vision of a city on a hill (page 81).
What happened in Salem, Massachusetts?
Witch trials were held. The Salem court hanged 19 accused witches and pressed one to death. More than 95% of all legal accusations of witchcraft occurred in New England, a hint of the Puritans' preoccupation with sin and evil.
Mayflower Compact
Pilgrims formed the day they reached Massachusetts; pledged to "covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politich, for our better Ordering and Preservation."
Where did Puritans began and were did they settle in North America?
Puritans established the first small settlement in New England in 1620, followed a few years later by additional settlements in Massachusetts Bay Company. Puritans allow self-government through royal charter
Visible Saints
Puritans who had passed the tests of conversion and church membership and were therefore thought to be among God's elect.
What was James I and Charles I inputs on the church ideas?
They reforced conformity to the Church of England and punished dissenters. -James authorized a new translation of the Bible: King James Version -In 1629, Charles I closed down Parliament and initiated aggressive anti-Puritan polices. caused Puritans to make plans to move to Europe, West Indies, or America
Why did the Puritans immigrate to North America?
To escape the turmoil and persecution they suffered in England, a long-term consequence of the English Reformation.
Total conformity vs. Ardent Puritans vs. non-Puritans
Total conformity: Never Achieved Ardent Puritans: differed among themselves Non-Puritans: orthodox rules, such as Roxbury servant who declared that "if hell were ten times hotter, I would rather be there than I would serve my master"
What was Queen Elizabeth I ideas of religion?
Tried to position the English church between the extremes of Catholicism and Puritanism. Like her father, she desired a church that would strengthen the monarchy and the nation.
King Philip's War
War begun by Metacomet (King Philip), in which the Wampanoag Indians attacked colonial settlements in western Massachusetts in 1675. Colonists responded by attacking the Wampanoag and other tribes they believed conspired with them. The colonists prevailed in the brutal war.
What was the doctrines of John Calvin?
they insisted that Christians strictly discipline their behavior to conform to God's commandments announced in the Bible.
What church was Anne Hutchinson banished by? Where did her and her family go?
Banished by Boston church in 1638. They first moved to Roger Williams's Rhode Island and then to present-day New York, where she and most of her family were killed by Indians.
What led to the formation of the Halfway Covenant?
As population increased in New England; attending church decreased. Puritan churches conflict: to allow anyone, even the child of a saint, to become a church member without conversion was an unthinkable retreat from fundamental Puritan doctrine. So in 1662, Massachusetts ministers reached a compromise known as the Halfway Covenant.
Who was Roger Williams?
-A 28 year old Puritan minister. -Arrived in Massachusetts in February 1631 -Turned down Governor John Winthrop's invitation to become the Boston church minister bc the church (not pure for Williams) had not openly rejected the corrupt Church of England. -Believe God made mankind of one blood (doesn't discriminate between mankind). Does not believe it was right for English colonists to invade Indian land "God Land" (Massachusetts officials do not agree). He did not agree with New England's requirement for everyone to attend church.
Halfway Covenant
A Puritan compromise established in Massachusetts in 1662 that allowed the unconverted children of the "visible saints" to become "halfway" members of the church and baptize their own children even though they were not full members of the church themselves.
Who was Thomas Hooker?
A prominent minister. Hooker argued that men and women who lived godly lives should be admitted to church membership even if they had not experienced conversion. In 1636, Hooker led over 800 colonists from Massachusetts to the Connecticut River valley, where they founded Hartford and neighboring towns. In 1639, the towns adopted the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, a quasi-constitution that could be altered by the vote of freemen, who did not have to be church members, though nearly all of them were.
Who was referred to as antinomians?
Anne Hutchinson and her followers
Puritans
Dissenters from the Church of England who wanted a genuine Reformation rather than the partial Reformation sought by Henry VIII. The Puritans' religious principles emphasized the importance of an individual's relationship with God developed through Bible study, prayer, and introspection.
Predestination
Doctrine stating that God determined whether individuals were destined for salvation or damnation before their birth. According to the doctrine, nothing an individual did during his or her lifetime could affect that person's fate.
New Netherland
Dutch colony on Manhattan Island. New Amsterdam was its capital and colony headquarters.
Who succeeded Henry VIII in 1558?
Elizabeth I became Queen which was the daughter of Henry and his second wife, Anne Boleyn Died in 1603
Puritan Revolution
English civil war that arose out of disputes between King Charles I and Parliament, which was dominated by Puritans. The conflict began in 1642 and ended with the execution of Charles I in 1649, resulting in Puritan rule in England until 1660.
Quakers
Epithet for members of the Society of Friends. Their belief that God spoke directly to each individual through an "inner light" and that neither ministers not the Bible was essential to discovering God's Word put them in conflict with orthodox Puritans.
What happened to Roger Williams after New England banished him for his "extreme and dangerous" opinions?
Fled south to Narragansett Bay in January 1636; where he established the colony of Rhode Island. "Liberty of Conscience"
Who did not agree with Anne Hutchinson's lectures?
Governor John Winthrop (nearest neighbor), who believed she was subverting the good order of the colony. In 1637, Winthrop had formal charges against Hutchinson (page 86)
Who was John Winthrop?
Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Company. Settled on peninsula that became Boston He was a prosperous lawyer and landowner
Who was William Bradford?
Leader of the Separatists, believed that America promised to better protect and preserve their community. -He became the governor for the pilgrims that settled at Plymouth, Massachusetts.
Who wanted to revoke the English Reformation?
Many English Catholics; hoped to return the Church of England to the pope and to restore Catholic doctrines and ceremonies
What was New England?
New England was the separation from the Church of England ways... America was a form of the New England
What colonies made up the New England colonies in the 17th century?
New Hampshire, Maine, Mass. Bay, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Plymouth, (Mass.?).
Could Puritan churches play a role in government?
No. the ministers were prohibited from holding government office. They did not want to mimic Church of England. They wanted to be an independent body that served the Lord. However, Puritans had no fear about their religious beliefs influencing New England governments. Fines would be issued for Sabbath-breaking activities (working, traveling, playing a flute, smoking, or visiting neighbors). Refused to celebrate Christmas or Easter because the Bible didn't mention either. Banned games of chance. Outlawed religious wedding ceremonies. No mixt or Promiscuous dancing due to touching: "evil".
Which colonies made up the Middle Colonies and were founded in the last third of the 17th century?
Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, (Delaware: not sure)
Separatists
People who sought withdrawal from the Church of England. The Pilgrims (one of the first Protestant groups to emigrate from the Church of England) were Separatists
Who formed New England?
Puritans. Immigrants arrived as families -Separatists (pilgrims). -vast majority were either farmers or tradesmen (middle ranks of the English society) -Ministers and their followers would come to America and establish "praying towns" to encourage Indians to adopt English ways. But the colonists focused far less on saving Indians' souls than on saving their own.
English Reformation
Reform effort initiated by King Henry VIII that included banning the Catholic Church and declaring the English monarch head of the new Church of England but little change in doctrine. Henry's primary concern was consolidating his political power.
How did New England communities (such as Massachusetts) treat the Quakers?
Some branded "H" on face for Heresie. When Quakers refused to leave Massachusetts, four where hanged between 1659-1661
What did the Puritans want?
Sought to eliminate what they considered the offensive features of Catholicism that remained in the religious doctrines and practices of the Church of England. Wanted to do away with the rituals of Catholic worship and instead emphasize an individuals relationship with God developed through Bible study, prayer , and introspection. All Puritans shared a desire to make the English church thoroughly Protestant.
Government by Puritans for Puritanism
The charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company empowered the company's stockholders, known as freemen, to meet as a body known as the General Court and make laws needed to govern the company's affairs. In 1631, hoping to ensure that godly men would decide government policies, the General Court expanded the number of freemen to include all make church members. In 1634, the General Court grew too large- 2 deputies were sent to the General Court to act as the colony's legislative assembly. All other men were classified as "inhabitants" who had the right to vote, hold office, and participate fully in town government. Town meeting-composed of a town's inhabitants and freemen. Chose the selectmen who administered local affairs. Each family plot: 50-100 acres- more nearly equal distribution of land in New England than in the Chesapeake. Encouraged settlers to look inward toward their neighbors, multiplying the opportunities for godly vigilance.
What was the economy of New England?
When immigrant ships became rare, prices for English goods increased and few customers for their products came about. By 1640s, furbearing animals became scarce Masts for ships and staves for barrels were crafted from New England timber. *The most important New England export was fish. The fish trade (with southern Europe and West Indies) stimulated colonial shipbuilding and trained generations of fishermen, sailors, and merchants. *Lives of most New England colonists revolved around their farms, churches, and families
What are patroonships?
allotments of 18 miles of land along the Hudson River
How was the population around the 1640s?
immigration came to standstill, however population doubled every twenty years -large families, eight or nine kids lower mortality rate due to minimized expose of warm climate diseases (malaria or yellow fever)
Foundation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
in 1629-March 1630, puritans (that wanted to reform the corrupt Church of England) colonization that spanned present-day Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, Maqine, and upstate New York. Self-government -John Winthrop was selected to lead as governor; settled on peninsula that became Boston
How did the immigrants' family ties reinforced their religious beliefs?
interlocking institutions of: Family, church, and community
Who was Anne Hutchinson
mother of 14 kids, served her neighbors as a midwife and in 1634 began to give weekly lectures on recent sermons attended by women who gathered at her home. Hutchinson lectured on the "covenant of grace" - the idea that individuals could be saved only by God's grace in choosing them to be members of the elect. the belief that a person's behavior -one's works- could win God's favor and ultimately earn a person salvation. She believed that men and women were saved by faith alone; but no, she did not deny the need to obey God's law.
