Chapter 4 Quiz

Which of the following ethical considerations is relevant to research with animals?

Minimizing harm

Ethical decision making is

Based on a balance of priorities

Dr. Rodriguez is interested in studying the impact of exercise on synaptic connections in the hippocampus of rats. However, before the study begins, construction work to renovate another lab on the floor above Dr. Rodriguez's lab begins. Dr. Rodriquez notices that his rats appear distressed by the construction noises, so he negotiates to have his laboratory temporarily moved to another building. What guideline for animal care in research is Dr. Rodriguez following?

Refinement

An in-person institutional review board (IRB) meeting would probably be required for all of the following studies EXCEPT

an anonymous survey asking whether students want the campus mascot to be changed.

ethical decision making is

based on a balance of priorities

A study suggesting a link between the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism led to reduced vaccination rates and increased rates of measles. This example demonstrates the serious implications of

data falsification/fabrication

The issue of obtaining informed consent deals with which of the following principles of the Belmont Report?

the principle of respect for persons

You submit a study for approval by the institutional review board (IRB), and they tell you that written informed consent is required. Which of the following can be excluded from your informed consent document?

a description of the study's hypotheses

what is the primary purpose of an institutional review board (IRB)?

to review a study's procedure to ensure that participants will be treated ethically

research study 4.1: dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. he is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. for example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. after the participants are awake for one minute, dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. as they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. he plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. the following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. upon receiving institutional review board (IRB) approval, dr. Kushner

data fabrication

A study suggesting a link between the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism led to reduced vaccination rates and increased rates of measles. This example demonstrates the serious implications of

data falsification/fabrication.

The use of debriefing in a study such as Milgram's obedience study appeals to which principle of the Belmont Report?

Principle of beneficence

Which of the following is NOT an example of coercion?

A researcher offering three points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner is deciding whether he needs to give participants a reaso

Whether he can conduct the study just as well without deception

research study 4.1: dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. he is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. for example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. after the participants are awake for one minute, dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. as they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. he plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. the following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. dr. Kushner plans to tell his participants that the reason he is waki

deception through omission

Which of the following is most likely to be part of a debriefing?

fully informing participants about all aspects of the study

which of the following ethical considerations is relevant to research with animals?

minimizing harm

which of the following ethical violations proposed by the Belmont report was not committed in the Tuskegee study?

participants were not given monetary payments for their time

The use of debriefing in a study such as Milgram's obedience study appeals to which principle of the Belmont Report?

principle of beneficence

why might a researcher debrief his participants even if his study didn't include any deceptive elements?

to ensure that his participants had an educational research experience

The American Psychological Association's ethical guidelines have ____ principles and _____ standards

5; 10

All of the following are true of institutional review boards (IRBs) in the United States EXCEPT that

IRBs must have a psychologist as a member

research study 4.1: dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. he is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. for example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. after the participants are awake for one minute, dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. as they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. he plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. the following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. as a psychologist who primarily does research, dr. Kushner is most co

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the following situations can influence ethical decision making except

the possibility of additional grant funding

research study 4.1: dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. he is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. for example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. after the participants are awake for one minute, dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. as they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. he plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. the following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. dr. Kushner is deciding whether he needs to give participants a reaso

whether he can conduct the study just as well without deception

Which of the following is a difference between a debriefing session following a study with deception compared to a debriefing session following a study without deception?

A deception study debriefing must attempt to restore a sense of honesty and trustworthiness.

the ethical principles that govern psychological research and the code of conduct for how to protect human and nonhuman participants in research are published by the

American psychological association

Which of the following has been used as a defense of animal research by animal researchers?

Animal research has resulted in many benefits to both animals and humans.

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Upon receiving institutional review board (IRB) approval, Dr. Kushner

Data fabrication

in which of the following ways is an institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) different from an institutional review board (IRB)?

IACUCs monitor the care and treatment of animals throughout the study; IRBs do not monitor the care of human participants throughout the study

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner asks his participants to provide informed consent. Doing

Principle of respect for persons

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner suspects that the people who will most benefit from his s

Students from a community college

Dr. Smitherman conducted a study 5 years ago, and his graduate student now recommends that they conduct the study again to see if the effect still occurs. Dr. Smitherman says, "No, I cannot do that study now; I think it is unethical." Which of the following is NOT a reasonable explanation for Dr. Smitherman's response?

There were no ethical guidelines 5 years ago, but there are now.

Which of the following is true of students' views of deception and harm in research studies?

Students typically find the negative effects of deception to be diminished during debriefing.

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner's decision about the type of participants to recruit shou

The principle of justice

your professor says that researchers do not make ethical decisions alone. what does this mean?

researchers must consider the opinions of others, including institutional review board (IRB) members and peers

The principle of justice calls for a balance between _________ and _________

the kind of people who participate in research; the kind of people who benefit from it

the principle of justice calls for a balance between _ and _

the kind of people who participate in research; the kind of people who benefit from it

The following situations can influence ethical decision making EXCEPT

the possibility of additional grant funding.

In addition to the three principles derived from the Belmont Report, which of the following two principles were added in the principles put forth by the American Psychological Association?

the principle of integrity and fidelity/responsibility

research study 4.1: dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. he is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. for example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. after the participants are awake for one minute, dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. as they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. he plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. the following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. dr. Kushner's decision about the type of participants to recruit shou

the principle of justice

research study 4.1: dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. he is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. for example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. after the participants are awake for one minute, dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. as they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. he plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. the following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. dr. Kushner asks his participants to provide informed consent. doing

the principle of respect for persons

What is the primary purpose of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

to review a study's procedure to ensure that participants will be treated ethically