Chapter 4 - Quiz Questions

Which of the following is NOT true about psychoactive drugs? a. Some can cause users to develop a drug tolerance. b. They alter thinking, perception, memory, or some combination of these abilities. c. Many were originally developed to help people. d. All of them produce physical dependence in users.

All of them produce physical dependence in users

Niles has begun to fall asleep suddenly during the day, sometimes in inappropriate places. Niles is most likely suffering from: a. not enough melatonin. b. sleep apnea. c. narcolepsy. d. insomnia.

Narcolepsy

David often experiences "sleep seizures" during the day. He probably suffers from: a. daytime sleep terrors. b. REM rebound. c. sleep apnea. d. narcolepsy.

Narcolepsy

Depressant drugs derived from the opium poppy are called: a. narcotics. b. hallucinogens. c. depressants. d. stimulants.

Narcotics

A hypnic jerk is likely to occur during: a. non-REM Stage 1 sleep. b. REM sleep. c. microsleeps. d. non-REM Stage 2 sleep.

non-REM Stage 1 Sleep

Delta waves begin to appear in which stage of sleep? a. non-REM Stage 1 b. non-REM Stage 2 c. non-REM Stage 3 d. non-REM Stage 4

non-REM Stage 3

In Hilgard's theory, the _______ remains aware of what is going on during hypnosis. a. conscious mind b. "hidden observer" part of the mind c. brain stem d. "hypnotized" part of the mind

"Hidden observer" part of the mind

About ___ percent of people are good hypnotic subjects. a. 40 b. 50 c. 80 d. 70

40

According to research, which of the following individuals might need the least amount of sleep? a. 19-year old Sarah, who is cramming for an exam b. 35-year-old Dorothy, who has no children and works at night c. 67-year-old Roger, who retired two years ago d. 3-month old Timmy, who lays around all day

67-year-old Roger, who retired two years ago

Clay told his therapist about a dream he had in which he was flying on an airplane, but he was unaware of his destination. Clay's therapist explained that the flying in his dream, in its latent context, represents freedom and independence from his parents; and the unknown destination exemplifies a sense of fear and doubt from no longer having parents as guides. Clay's therapist appears to be using _________ to explain his dream. a. Hall's interpretation of dreams b. the activation-synthesis hypothesis c. the activation-information-mode model d. a Freudian psychoanalytic interpretation

A Freudian psychoanalytic interpretaion

The key to hypnosis seems to be: a. avoiding subjects who are active and alert b. using more practical subjects, as opposed to daydreamers. c. a heightened state of suggestibility. d. a gullible subject.

A heightened state of suggestibility

The key to hypnosis seems to be: a. avoiding subjects who are active and alert. b. a heightened state of suggestibility. c. a gullible subject. d. using more practical subjects, as opposed to daydreamers.

A heightened state of suggestibility

Four-year-old Denise was sound asleep. Suddenly, without warning, she sat straight up and began to scream. Her mother tried to calm her down with no success. Finally, after about 45 seconds of what appeared to be a panic attack, Denise quietly lied back down. When morning came and Denise awoke, she could not remember anything that had happened during the night. It is likely that Denise experienced _______. a. a night terror b. a nightmare c. REM rebound d. somnambulism

A night terror

According to the ________, a dream is merely another kind of thinking that occurs when people sleep. a. activation-synthesis hypothesis b. psychoanalytic model c. adaptive theory d. restorative theory

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

In the ____________, dreams are less realistic because they come not from the outside world of reality but from within people's memories and experiences. a. latent content theory b. activation-synthesis hypothesis c. restorative theory d. adaptive theory

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

The _________ theory of sleep says that sleep is a product of evolution. a. adaptive b. activation-information-mode c. restorative d. activation-synthesis

Adaptive

Antwon can't seem to focus in class today. Though he's not asleep, his mind appears to be drifting off, leading to thoughts of his girlfriend, his job, and upcoming events of the day. Antwon appears to be in which of the following states of consciousness? a. waking b. unfocused c. unconscious d. altered

Altered

Mariam takes 20 minutes daily to sit by herself and meditate. A fully meditative state is a form of: a. non-REM sleep. b. waking consciousness. c. convergent thinking. d. altered consciousness.

Altered Consciousness

After taking medication for his back, Todd's thoughts become fuzzy and disorganized. Todd is in a state of: a. waking consciousness. b. altered consciousness. c. drug-induced consciousness. d. divided consciousness.

Altered consciousness

______________ is characterized by delusions and paranoia. a. Withdrawal b. Tolerance c. Drug interaction d. Amphetamine psychosis

Amphetamine psychosis

Natural cycles of activity that bodies must go through are called: a. states of consciousness. b. microsleeps. c. hypnotic states. d. biological rhythms.

Biological rhythms

People under hypnosis: a. can have superhuman strength. b. can regress to past lives. c. can be made to forget what happens during the hypnotic session. d. often do things they would not do under normal circumstances.

Can be made to forget what happens during the hypnotic session

________ dependence is the most common in the United States after alcohol and nicotine. a. Barbiturate b. Methamphetamine c. Cannabis d. Cocaine

Cannabis

A sudden loss of muscle tone is called: a. narcolepsy. b. REM paralysis. c. cataplexy. d. somnambulism.

Cataplexy

Nightmares are more common in children than in adults because _____. a. children spend more of their sleep in the REM state b. children suffer from lost sleep more often than adults c. growth hormones are released from the pituitary during non-REM sleep d. children have more vivid imaginations than adults

Children spend more of their sleep in the REM state

In a(n) __________ view, consciousness is generated by a set of action potentials in the communication among neurons just sufficient to produce awareness. a. operant conditioning b. psychoanalytic c. evolutionary d. cognitive neuroscience

Cognitive neuroscience

____________ works to change the way people think about the stresses in their lives and react to those stressors, working toward more effective coping without using drugs. a. Classical conditioning b. Cognitive-behavioral intervention c. Contingency-management therapy d. Counterconditioning

Cognitive-behavioral intervention

Opium and its derivatives, morphine and heroin, duplicate the action of which of the following? a. cortisol b. melatonin c. endorphins d. serotonin

Endorphins

Opium and its derivatives, morphine and heroin, duplicate the action of which of the following? a. serotonin b. melatonin c. cortisol d. endorphins

Endorphins

The real inquiry into the process of dreaming was begun by: a. Maslow. b. Darwin. c. Pavlov. d. Freud.

Freud

Hypnosis is unable to do which of the following? a. create amnesia for whatever happens during the session b. relieve pain c. give people superhuman strength d. help people relax in situations that would normally cause them stress

Give people superhuman strength

Hypnosis is unable to do which of the following? a. relieve pain b. give people superhuman strength c. create amnesia for whatever happens during the session d. help people relax in situations that would normally cause them stress

Give people superhuman strength

Theodora suffers from an inability to get to sleep and to stay asleep. Which of the following would help Theodora with her insomnia? a. spending some time in bed relaxing, reading or watching TV until she gets sleepy b. going to bed and getting up on a regular schedule c. watching the clock so she knows how much sleep she is actually getting d. trying various sleeping pills until she finds one that doesn't cause REM rebound

Going to bed and getting up on a regular schedule

Insomnia can be helped by: a. watching TV in bed. b. dealing with anxieties directly before going to bed. c. using sleeping pills. d. going to bed only when sleepy.

Going to bed only when sleepy

________ cause the brain to alter its interpretation of sensations. a. Narcotics b. Hallucinogens c. Barbiturates d. Amphetamines

Hallucinogens

Sleep apnea has been shown to cause: a. REM behavior disorder. b. SIDS. c. heart problems. d. narcolepsy.

Heart Problems

As Jason was watching television late one night, he was startled by the vivid image of his dead grandmother walking toward him. While Jason may believe that he actually saw his deceased grandmother, researchers today are more likely to explain Jason's experience as being _______. a. spiritual b. translucent c. mystical d. hypnogogic

Hypnogogic

Many researchers believe that reports of ghostly visions and alien abductions can be explained by __________ during the first stage of sleep. a. hypnogogic images b. divided consciousness c. REM rebound d. heightened consciousness

Hypnogogic Images

Which of the following parts of the body controls the sleep-wake cycle? a. prefrontal cortex b. hypothalamus c. pituitary gland d. thyroid gland

Hypothalamus

Which of the following parts of the body controls the sleep-wake cycle? a. prefrontal cortex b. thyroid gland c. hypothalamus d. pituitary gland

Hypothalamus

Which of the following kills the most people in the United States every year? a. heroin overdose b. alcohol-related car accidents c. illnesses related to smoking d. homicide

Illnesses related to smoking

When under the influence of a stimulant, you are likely to be in a state of: a. divided consciousness. b. waking consciousness. c. hypnosis. d. increased alertness.

Increased alertness

Which of the following is TRUE about REM sleep? a. It is the stage of sleep in which the heart beats the slowest. b. It involves a lot of movement and thrashing as people have vivid dreams. c. It is when 90 percent of dreams occur. d. It is a much deeper, more restful kind of sleep than non-REM sleep.

It is when 90 percent of dreams occur

Melatonin supplements are often used to treat: a. jet lag. b. alcohol withdrawal. c. Korsakoff's syndrome. d. night terrors.

Jet Lag

Debbie's psychoanalyst tells her that the monster in her dream symbolizes her abusive father. He is discussing the dream's: a. latent content. b. spiritual context. c. actual content. d. manifest content.

Latent content

If you are dreaming that a monster is chasing you, the monster is the: a. manifest content. b. gender schema. c. latent content. d. cultural content.

Manifest Content

The ________ of a dream is the actual dream itself. a. manifest content b. conflict c. repression d. latent content

Manifest content

The ________ of a dream is the actual dream itself. a. manifest content b. latent content c. conflict d. repression

Manifest content

Adolescents who regularly use marijuana: a. will experience withdrawal when discontinuing the drug. b. do better in school. c. are at increased risk for cancer. d. may experience a negative impact on their mental health.

May experience a negative impact on their mental health

As ______ accumulates in the body, a person will begin to feel sleepy. a. dopamine b. melatonin c. insulin d. endorphins

Melatonin

Some instances of automobile accidents may have been caused by the driver falling asleep at the wheel, even though (s)he was certain that they had not slept. Which of the following may explain why this happens? a. enzymatic degradation b. microsleeps c. microsaccades d. hemispheric lateralization

Microsleeps

Calvin Hall concluded that: a. there are no gender differences when it comes to dreams. b. dreams prove that people have wild imaginations. c. most dreams reflect the events that occur in everyday life. d. everyone dreams in black and white.

Most dreams reflect the events that occur in everyday life

So-called supernatural visitations can be explained by hypnogogic hallucinations common during: a. REM sleep. b. NREM Stage 4 sleep. c. NREM Stage 1 sleep. d. microsleeps.

NREM Stage 1 sleep

Jonah is often a victim of bad dreams, frequently centered around being left at a store or getting lost at an amusement park. He sometimes wakes up from them, and calls for his parents to help him calm down. Jonah is experiencing: a. somnambulism. b. nightmares. c. night terrors. d. REM behavior disorder.

Nightmares

Derek was lying on the couch and had fallen asleep when all of a sudden his body jerked, and he woke up because he felt like he was falling. Derek was most likely in which stage of sleep? a. non-REM Stage 1 b. non-REM Stage 4 c. non-REM Stage 2 d. non-REM Stage 3

Non-REM Stage 1

The heart rate slows, breathing becomes more shallow and irregular, and an EEG would show the first signs of sleep spindles in: a. non-REM Stage 1 sleep (N1). b. REM sleep. c. non-REM Stage 2 sleep (N2). d. non-REM Stage 4 sleep (N4).

Non-REM Stage 2 Sleep (N2)

The body is at its lowest level of functioning during: a. REM sleep. b. non-REM Stage 1. c. non-REM Stages 3 and 4. d. non-REM Stage 2.

Non-REM Stages 3 and 4

______ is a synthesized drug so dangerous it is useful only in veterinary medicine as a tranquilizer. a. LSD b. Morphine c. Mescaline d. PCP

PCP

Withdrawal is a sign of: a. physical dependence on a drug. b. tolerance to a drug. c. drunkenness. d. psychological dependence on a drug.

Physical dependence on a drug

Janice is dreaming about walking her dog. However, in her dream, her dog is flying, the sidewalk is moving, and she has no awareness that this activity is odd. Janice is probably in ______ sleep. a. REM b. Stage 1 of Non-REM c. Stage 4 of Non-REM d. Stage 2 of Non-REM

REM

______ is a rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares. a. REM rebound b. REM behavior disorder c. REM deficit disorder d. REM paralysis

REM Behavior disorder

_________ has been used as a successful defense in some murder trials. a. REM behavior disorder b. REM paralysis c. Insomnia d. Experiencing night terrors

REM Behavior disorder

The idea that people deprived of REM sleep will become paranoid and seem to be mentally ill is known as the: a. REM behavior disorder. b. REM paralysis. c. REM myth. d. REM rebound.

REM Myth

Even in mild doses, marijuana negatively affects: a. reaction time. b. the ability to sleep. c. appetite. d. mood.

Reaction time

While many people take LSD in order to experience its hallucinogenic qualities, why can this become a dangerous activity? a. The relationship between the chemical mechanism of LSD and the binding process of endorphins can lead to a medical condition called congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis, or CIPA. b. Those who take LSD become susceptible to a permanent state of irreversible hallucinogenic psychosis, which leaves them unable to tell reality from fantasy. c. Those who overdose on LSD run the risk of experiencing instantaneous cardiac death. d. Real dangers and hazards may go unnoticed by a person who is "lost" in an LSD fantasy.

Real dangers and hazards may go unnoticed by a person who is "lost" in an LSD fantasy

Dr. Elmer believes that sleep is needed to replenish the body's natural chemicals lost during daily activity. Dr. Elmer's belief of why we sleep relates most closely to the _______ theory of sleep. a. evolutionary b. physiological c. restorative d. adaptive

Restorative

Carmen stayed up all night studying, getting only about two hours of sleep total. While she was able to finish her exam, she was unable to focus, and much of what she had studied the night before seemed to be forgotten. Carmen's inability to remember and to stay focused during her exam is most likely due to _______. a. daydreaming b. lack of intelligence c. hypnosis d. sleep deprivation

Sleep deprivation

Methamphetamine is an example of a: a. depressant. b. hallucinogen. c. narcotic. d. stimulant.

Stimulant

Methamphetamine is an example of a: a. stimulant. b. depressant. c. narcotic. d. hallucinogen.

Stimulant

Ecstasy is classified as a: a. major tranquilizer. b. narcotic. c. stimulatory hallucinogenic. d. benzodiazepine.

Stimulatory hallucinogenic

A person with sleep apnea: a. stops breathing for 10 seconds or more. b. falls asleep without warning. c. experiences a state of panic. d. gets up and walks around while still sleeping.

Stops breathing for 10 seconds or more

The ________ is the internal clock that tells people when to wake up and when to fall asleep. a. pons b. hippocampus c. amygdala d. suprachiasmatic nucleus

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

One theory of dreaming says that the brain _________, or puts together, an explanation of the cortex's activation from memories and other stored information. a. synthesizes b. adapts c. imagines d. bombards

Synthesizes

Barbiturates are known as: a. the minor tranquilizers. b. the major tranquilizers. c. hallucinogens. d. gateway drugs.

The Major Tranquilizers

An example of a biological rhythm is: a. the beat of the heart. b. dreaming. c. hunger. d. a state of increased alertness.

The beat of the heart

Barbiturates are known as: a. hallucinogens. b. gateway drugs. c. the major tranquilizers. d. the minor tranquilizers.

The major tranquilizers

Which of the following is TRUE about night terrors? a. They occur fairly equally in children and adults. b. They are a state of panic experienced while asleep. c. They happen during a light stage of sleep. d. They are a common disorder.

They are a state of panic experienced while asleep.

Which of the following is TRUE about night terrors? a. They occur fairly equally in children and adults. b. They are a state of panic experienced while asleep. c. They are a common disorder. d. They happen during a light stage of sleep.

They are in a state of panic experienced while asleep

Freud used dreams as a way to get at patients': a. susceptibility to psychoanalysis. b. unconscious conflicts stemming from childhood. c. brain waves. d. phobias.

Unconscious conflicts stemming from childhoosd

John has tried every type of depressant drug he could find. Which of the following is a drug he hasn't tried yet? a. cocaine b. alcohol c. valium d. morphine

Valium

On Sara's walk to campus one morning, she was thinking about what a nice day it was, how many people were already on campus, and how she had to stop by the bookstore on her way to class. Sara was experiencing: a. an altered state of consciousness. b. waking consciousness. c. a meditative state. d. insight.

Waking Consciousness

Physical sensations, such as nausea or extreme pain, that occur when the body is trying to adjust to the absence of a drug are called: a. withdrawal. b. tolerance. c. the "crash." d. Korsakoff's syndrome.

Withdrawal

Last night, Kayla thought she was awakened by a noise she heard outside of her bedroom door. As she tried to get up to see what was going on, she couldn't move. She tried to scream out and couldn't make a sound. After several minutes, she was finally able to sit up and wondered what had just happened. The best explanation for Kayla's experience, according to sleep researchers, is that she experienced ______. a. sleep paralysis during REM sleep b. side effects from increased amounts of REM sleep c. a drug-induced hallucination d. a nightmare during deep sleep

sleep paralysis during REM sleep