HIST 3372: Texas History
ID: Father Hidalgo and the Mexican Rebellion
.After Napoleon's invasion of Spain in 1808, the colonies, unwilling to accept a French ruler, loudly proclaimed Ferdinand VII as king. The societies they formed professed loyalty to Spain, but authorities suspected they were designed to prepare for the independence of Mexico. Hidalgo and several of his friends engaged in preparations which the authorities considered treasonable. Warned by the arrest of a friend, Hidalgo gathered several hundred of his parishioners, and on September 16, 1810, they seized the prison at Dolores. This action began the Mexican War of Independence. At first Hidalgo met with some success, but as many of his followers deserted, he lost heart and retreated. His forces were decisively defeated at Aculo on November 7, 1810, and at the bridge of Calderón on Río Santiago on January 17, 1811. Hidalgo was later captured and, after being degraded from the priesthood, was shot as a rebel on July 31 or August 1, 1811.
ID: Constitution of 1824
.Constitutional government in Texas began with the Mexican federal Constitution of 1824, which, to some degree, was patterned after the United States Constitution but resembled more the Spanish Constitution of 1812. Congress was made the final interpreter of the document; the Catholic religion was made the state faith; and the church was supported by the public treasury. The president and vice president were elected for four-year terms by the legislative bodies of the states, the lower house of Congress to elect in case of a tie or lack of a majority. There were numerous limitations on the powers of the president. The Congress was composed of two houses meeting annually from January 1 to April 15. The president could prolong the regular session for an additional thirty days and could call extra sessions. Deputies in the lower house served two years, while senators were selected by their state legislatures for four-year terms. The judicial power was vested in a Supreme Court and superior courts of departments and districts. The Supreme Court was composed of eleven judges and the attorney general. There was no particular effort to define the rights of the states in the confederacy. They were required to separate executive, legislative, and judicial functions in their individual constitutions, which were to be in harmony with the national constitution, but local affairs were independent of the general government. Stephen F. Austin conferred with the Mexican leaders who framed the Constitution of 1824, and Juan José María Erasmo Seguínqv represented Texas in the constituent assembly; the farmers of Austin's colony contributed several hundred bushels of corn to help pay Seguín's expenses. The Anglo-Americans in Texas were not represented, and the instrument was never submitted to a vote of the people for ratification.
What year did Cortes complete Spain's conquest of the Aztec Empire?
1521
ID: Navarez Expedition
1526: Panfilo de Narvaez presented petition to King Charles I of Spain to conquer Florida Misfortune: 140 men deserted in Santo Domingo, then hurricane off the Cuban coast sank two ships and killed sixty men on board, April 1528: reached the gulf coast of Florida Marched inland to reach supposedly gold-rich Kingdom of Apalachee Four months of hostilities with Indians and forced marches through swamps and jungles = no gold or tangible wealth or site of the expedition's fleet September 1528: constructed 5 crude boats at St. Mark's Bay, Florida Set sail for Mexico After passing the mouth of the Mississippi, a storm battered the boats toward the Texas coast Narvaez boat was lost and in early November, one after another of the remaining crafts beached just south of Galveston Island
When did the Pueblo Revolt occur? Why? What happened? What was the result?
1680 Spanish abuse of native population In a coordinated attack, killed 21 missionaries and almost 400 settlers. Survivors fled to El Paso del Norte Governor Antonio de Otermin established settlements for Spanish and Indian populations (specifically five communities that lined the south bank of the river that became a key way station on the Santa Fe- Chihuahua Camino Real)
In what year did Texas claim independence?
1813
In what year did Mexico gain independence and under what plan? Who were the two leaders? What did this plan say? (3)
1821 under the Plan de Iguala Agustín de Iturbide, a royal officer with a record of success against earlier rebels, to come to terms with the leading Mexican insurgent at the time, Vicente R. Guerrero. The plan offered three guarantees— preservation of the Catholic Church's status, the independence of Mexico as a constitutional monarchy, and equality of Spaniards and criollos.
Empresario
An empresario was a land agent or land contractor. Under the system used by the Mexican government as a means of colonization, two important Texas empresarios included Stephen F. Austin and Haden Edwards. For example, in March 1825 the legislature of Coahuila and Texas passed a law that continued the empresario system and offered to each married man a set amount of land for which he was expected to pay for over the course of six years. In the meantime, Austin had successfully completed his contract to settle the first 300 families. Under this state law, he obtained three contracts (in 1825, 1827, and 1828) to settle a total of 900 additional families in the area of his first colony.
ID: Treaty of Tordesillas Background When/where What Significance
BACKGROUND: On May 4, 1493, the Spanish-born Pope Alexander VI decreed in the bull Inter caetera that all lands west and south of a pole-to-pole line one hundred leagues west and south of any of the islands of the Azores or the Cape Verde Islands should belong to Spain. Portugal objected because its status and rights had been omitted and overlooked. King John II of Portugal began negotiations directly with King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain to push the line west and allow him to lay claim to lands discovered east of it. The result was the Treaty of Tordesillas. WHEN AND WHERE: Signed in Tordesillas, Spain, on June 7, 1494, WHAT: the treaty established a line of demarcation that was 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands (already Portuguese). Spain gained most of the Americas, except for the Brazilian bulge of South America, and Portugal, whose explorers had already reached the west coast of Africa, could claim lands discovered to the east. SIGNIFICANCE: cause frustration in Northern Europe, imposes itself into age of discovery (ie claim lands in name of church/King; also bring back tithe; creates frustration in non-latin speaking places); last straw the leads to Protestant Reformation
Who wrote the "A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies" and what belief was he known for?
Bartolomé de las Casas In his early writings, he advocated the use of African slaves instead of Natives in the West-Indian colonies; consequently, criticisms have been leveled at him as being partly responsible for the beginning of the Transatlantic slave trade
ID: Jonesboro and Pecan Point
First Anglo-American settlements in Texas
ID: Corpus Christi de la Isleta Mission What Who When Why
First permanent mission in Texas WHAT: Corpus Christi de la Isleta, the first mission and pueblo in Texas, WHO: Established by Antonio de Otermín and Fray Francisco de Ayeta WHEN: 1682 WHY: Maintained by Franciscans for Christianizing the Tigua Indians, who accompanied Otermín on his retreat to the El Paso area after his unsuccessful attempt to recover New Mexico in the winter of 1681-82.
ID: Cornado
First viceroy of New Spain (Mexico) = Antonio de Mendoza wanted to create this expedition and find these cities Financially rewarding Reduce the slave raiding that contributed to social and economic instability in the country A way to rid central Mexico of the large number of idle Spanish "gentlemen" who were a constant source of trouble 1539: Needed to verify Cabeza de Vaca's reports and sent out a scout: Marcos de Niza (Franciscan friar) who was accompanied by Estebancio (purchased by the viceroy) Disaster (Estebanico killed by the Zuni inhabitants of Hawikuh in present-day Arizona), Niza assertion that the town was bigger than Mexico City = gave Mendoza the answer he wanted Turned to Francisco VAquez de Cornado April 1540: Coronado led a thousand Spanish men at arms, thousands of Indian servants and camp followers, immense herds of horses, mules, and flokes of sheep and coats Took town of Hawikuh by July 7th, 1540 Called first city of Cibola, but no gold or silver Moved on to the other cities, then eastward to the Rio Grande and Pecos River pueblos (towns) = more bloodshed and disappointment BUT Pecos River pueblo of Cicuye promised that far to the east, beyond the great flat land was the Kingdom of Quivira (said gold and silver awaited the Spaniards) Spring of 1541, to get there, visited the Blanco and Tule canyons region Recorded impressions of the unprecedented flatness of the land, the region's immense bison herds, and the Apaches who had recently made the southern Plains their home Got to Quivira (actually Wichita Indian villages in central Kansas), found no gold or silver = reports of the Rio Grande country did not encourage Spanish settlements High Plains of Texas, remote and almost totally devoid of human residents, offered even fewer attractions Also created lingering resentment on the part of the town-dwelling Indians, called Pueblos by the Spaniards, later confront Spanish in 50 years Spring of 1542, returned home empty-handed
Who founded the mission-presidio complex of San Antonio de Bexar and when?
Governor Alarcon in 1718
Which Mexican president prohibited slavery ? When? Exception?
Guerrero on September 15th, 1828 Excluded Texas in 1829
ID: Mexican Colonization Laws Imperial Colonization Law (1823) National Colonization Law (1824) State Colonization Law (1825)
IMPERIAL: Passed by the Junta Instituyente, Emperor Agustín de Iturbide's rump congress, on January 3, 1823. This law invited Catholic immigrants to settle in Mexico; provided for the employment of agents, called empresarios, to introduce families in units of 200; defined the land measurement in terms of labores (177 acres each), leagues or sitios (4,428 acres), and haciendas (five leagues each); and defined the privileges and certain limitations of immigrants and empresarios NATIONAL: After the fall of Iturbide, Mexico adopted a federal system similar to that of the United States, and the federal Congress passed the national colonization law on August 18, 1824. This law and the state law of Coahuila and Texas of March 25, 1825, became the basis of all colonization contracts affecting Texas except Austin's first contract. The National Colonization Law of August 18, 1824, which superseded the Imperial Colonization Law, determined how Texas would be peopled. It stipulated that those wishing colonization contracts should make arrangements with the legislatures of individual states and not the federal government. In the case of Texas, an empresario would have to negotiate with Saltillo, the capital of Coahuila since Texas was merged with that state. Government officials in Coahuila would thus define the course of immigration by determining whether those receiving contracts would be Anglos, Europeans, or Mexicans. The National Colonization Law of 1824 resulted from a Federalist political philosophy advanced by some of Mexico's post-independence statesmen who envisioned establishing a republic patterned after the United States. STATE: In accordance with the National Colonization Law, the Federalist constituent legislature, meeting in Saltillo, passed the State Colonization Law of March 24, 1825. The legislature attempted to bring about the peopling of Coahuila and Texas, encourage the tilling of the soil and the growth of ranches, and facilitate commerce. It stated that Americans could settle in the state, though Mexicans were to have first choice of lands; that for a nominal payment a settler could receive as much as a league or sitio (4428.4 acres) of pastureland and a labor (177.1 acres) of land for cultivation; that immigrants were temporarily free of every kind of tax; and that newcomers had to take an oath promising to abide by the federal and state constitutions, to worship according to the Christian religion, and to display sound moral principles and good conduct. After accepting these terms and settling in Texas, immigrants earned the standing of naturalized Mexicans. Foreigners seeking land in Texas could negotiate individually, but the more common method was to act through immigration agents (empresarios), who selected families, designated land where the newcomers could settle, and saw to the obedience of the laws. In compensation, the government would award these contracting parties five sitios and five labores for each 100 families brought and settled. Among the most prominent of these colonizers were Stephen F. Austin and Green DeWitt.
Who founded El Paso del Norte and when? What was the first Spanish settlement there? Who started it and when?
Juan de Oñate in 1598 Mission Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe Fray Garcia de San Francisco in 1659
Describe the basic economy of Spanish Texas (2 options)
Livestock and farming Ranching and farming
Who first conducted a feasibility of sustainability report regarding Texas? When?
Marques de Rubi in 1766
Who was the first Anglo to get the empresario grant? Who was considered the father of the empresario?
Moses Austin Stephen F. Austin
ID: Cabeza de Vaca
Part of Navarez expedition Suffered from exposure, starvation, and dehydration; also at mercy of Indians Initially friendly, but cultural misunderstandings Ultimately only 4 would tell the tale, including Cabeza de Vaca For six years, survivors dwelt among the Galveston Bay with the Karankawa and Coahuiltecan Indians of coastal and south Texas 1532: Cabeza de Vaca abaonded his single remaining companion (Lope de Oviedo) and made his way inland Captured by another group of Indians, he discovered the presence of three fellow Spaniards: Captains Alonzo del Castillo and Andres Dorantes and the latter's North African slave, Estebancio Two years of planning resulted in a successful escape from their captors 1534-1536: beginning of odyssey of the four Christians across parts of present-day Texas, New Mexico, and northern Mexico from the Gulf of Mexico to the Gulf of California Cabeza de Vaca wrote down everything in his Relacion Says no gold, but gets to Spain and tells tale of Seven Cities of Gold
Identify the three principle cities of Spanish Texas
San Antonio Laredo La Bahia Extra: Nacogdoches
What was the first Spanish settlement in the province of East Texas? What year was it founded?
San Francisco de los Tejas 1690
ID: Stephen F. Austin and the original 300
Stephen Fuller Austin, founder of Anglo-American Texas, son of Moses and Maria (Brown) Austin, was born at the lead mines in southwestern Virginia on November 3, 1793. At this time Moses Austin was on his way to San Antonio to apply for a grant of land and permission to settle 300 families in Texas. Though not enthusiastic about the Texas venture, Austin decided to cooperate with his father. He arranged to obtain a loan from his friend Hawkins to float the enterprise and was at Natchitoches expecting to accompany his father to San Antonio when he learned of Moses Austin's death. He proceeded to San Antonio, where he arrived in August 1821. Authorized by Governor Antonio María Martínez to carry on the colonization enterprise under his father's grant, Austin came to an understanding about certain administrative procedures and was permitted by the governor to explore the coastal plain between the San Antonio and Brazos rivers for the purpose of selecting a site for the proposed colony. Among other details, he arranged with Martínez to offer land to settlers in quantities of 640 acres to the head of a family, 320 acres for his wife, 160 acres for each child, and 80 acres for each slave. For such quantity as a colonist desired, Austin might collect 12½ cents an acre in compensation for his services. Martínez warned Austin that the government was unprepared to extend administration over the colonists and that Austin must be responsible for their good conduct. Austin returned to New Orleans, published these terms, and invited colonists, saying that settlements would be located on the Brazos and Colorado rivers. The long depression, followed by the panic of 1819 and changes in the land system of the United States, made settlers eager to take advantage of the offer, and the first colonists began to arrive in Texas by land and sea in December 1821. To his great disappointment, Austin was informed by Governor Martínez that the provisional government set up after Mexican independence refused to approve the Spanish grant to Moses Austin, preferring to regulate colonization by a general immigration law. Austin hastened to Mexico City and, by unremitting attention, succeeded in getting Agustín de Iturbide's rump congress, the junta instituyente, to complete a law that the emperor signed on January 3, 1823. It offered heads of families a league and a labor of land (4,605 acres) and other inducements and provided for the employment of agents, called empresarios, to promote immigration The law was annulled when Iturbide abdicated, but in April 1823 Austin induced congress to grant him a contract to introduce 300 families in accordance with its terms. In August 1824 a new congress passed an immigration law that vested the administration of public land in the states, with certain restrictions, and authorized them to make laws for settlement. In March 1825 the legislature of Coahuila and Texas passed a law conforming in general to the previous act approved by Iturbide. It continued the empresario system contemplated by that law and offered to each married man a league of land (4,428 acres), for which he was obligated to pay the state thirty dollars within six years. In the meantime, Austin had substantially fulfilled his contract to settle the first 300 families. Under this state law, he obtained three contracts (in 1825, 1827, and 1828) to settle a total of 900 additional families in the area of his first colony, besides a contract in partnership with his secretary, Samuel M. Williams, for the settlement of 800 families in western Texas. Austin had complete civil and military authority over his colonists until 1828, subject to rather nominal supervision by the officials at San Antonio and Monterrey. He wisely allowed them to elect militia officers and local alcaldes, corresponding to justices of the peace in the United States; and, to assure uniformity of court procedure, he drew up forms and a simple civil and criminal code. As lieutenant colonel of militia, he planned and sometimes led campaigns against Indians. When population increased and appeals from decisions of individual alcaldes promised to become a burden, Austin instituted an appellate court composed of all the alcaldes—ultimately seven in number. The Constitution of Coahuila and Texas went into effect in November 1827, and Austin seized the opportunity to relieve himself of responsibility for the details of local government by hastening the organization of the ayuntamiento, over which by virtue of experience he continued to exercise strong influence in relations with the superior government of the state.... .
Adams-Onis Treaty
The Adams-Onís (or Florida) Treaty, signed on February 22, 1819, by John Quincy Adams for the United States and by Luis de Onís for Spain, renounced the United States claim to Texas. Set the boundary between the United States and the Spanish Texas as the Sabine River and the Red River westward and northward to the Arkansas River and o EFFECT OF MISSOURI COMPROMISE. The parallel of 36°30' north latitude, the southern boundary of Missouri, was established by the Missouri Compromise of 1820 as the northern limit of that part of the Louisiana Purchase that could be slave territory. Because of the Adams-Onís Treaty Texas was not considered a part of the Louisiana Purchase; therefore the annexation resolutions passed by Congress on February 28, 1845, included a restriction that if Texas were to be divided into more than one state, any state established north of the Missouri Compromise line (which was thus extended westward across Texas) would be a free state. In 1850, as a part of the Compromise of 1850 the northern boundary of the Texas Panhandle was fixed at the Missouri Compromise line, thus avoiding conflict in interpretations and making Texas clearly a "slave state."
Camino Royal
The Camino Real was a network of Spanish roads that crossed the Rio Grande into Texas from Mexico near the San Juan Bautista mission and presidio. The routes extended through San Antonio de Valero to the presidio at Los Adaes. The route was developed to confront and counter French intrusion into the northeastern frontier of the Spanish borderlands. It also became the first route of evangelization by Spanish missionaries attempting to Christianize Indian groups from the Rio Grande to the Red River. Not every route used by the Spanish during their exploration and settlement of New Spain met the requirements for designation as a camino real, however. Caminos reales were routes that connected economically important Spanish towns, capitals of provinces and mines that possessed charters conferring royal privileges. The status granted to these villas, capitals and mining areas was extended to the routes used by government officials, military troops and others traveling between them on the business of the crown.
ID: Empresario Haden Edwards and the Fredonian Rebellion
The Fredonian Rebellion was a dispute between the Mexican government and the Edwards brothers, Haden and Benjamin. Haden Edwards received his empresarial grant on April 14, 1825. It entitled him to settle as many as 800 families in a broad area around Nacogdoches in eastern Texas. He arrived in Nacogdoches on September 25, 1825, and posted notices on street corners to all previous landowners that they would have to present evidence of their claims or forfeit to new settlers. This naturally offended the older settlers. An election for alcalde in December provided the occasion for the factions to express their opposition. Samuel Norris was the candidate for the old settlers, and Chichester Chaplin, Edwards's son-in-law, was supported by the new. After the voting Edwards certified Chaplin's election to political chief José Antonio Saucedo in San Antonio. Norris's supporters challenged his claim and charged that the voters in Chaplin's support had come from unqualified voters. Saucedo reversed the election in March 1826 and ordered archives and duties to be surrendered to Norris. The controversy did not settle down, and by the time the news reached Saltillo and federal authorities in Mexico, Edwards appeared to be unwilling to abide by their terms, so in mid-year 1826 the grant was declared forfeit. Edwards was outraged, and he found support in the settlers he had brought. On November 22, 1826, Martin Parmer, John S. Roberts, and Burrell J. Thompson led a group of thirty-six men from the Ayish Bayou to Nacogdoches, where they seized Norris, Haden Edwards, José Antonio Sepulveda, and others and tried them for oppression and corruption in office. Haden was released, and in fact his inclusion in the group may have been to cover up his participation in the attack. The others were tried, convicted, and told they deserved to die but would be released if they relinquished their offices. Parmer turned the enforcement of the verdict over to Joseph Durst and proclaimed him alcalde. As soon as Mexican authorities heard of the incident, Lt. Col. Mateo Ahumada, principal military commander in Texas, was ordered to the area. He left San Antonio on December 11 with twenty dragoons and 110 infantrymen. It was clear to Haden Edwards that his only chance to make good the time and estimated $50,000 he had already expended on his colony was to separate from Mexico. He and Parmer began preparations to meet the Mexican force in the name of an independent republic they called Fredonia. Their Declaration of Independence was signed on December 21, 1826. Haden Edwards designated his brother Benjamin commander in chief and appealed to the United States for help. Ahumada enlisted Stephen F. Austin, who sided with the government, and Peter Ellis Bean, the Mexican Indian agent, headed for Nacogdoches. When the Mexican officers and militia and members of Austin's colony reached Nacogdoches on January 31, 1827, the revolutionists fled and crossed the Sabine River. The Indians killed Hunter and Fields for involving them in the venture.
ID: Law of April 6th, 1830
The Law of April 6, 1830, said to be the same type of stimulus to the Texas Revolution that the Stamp Act was to the American Revolution, was initiated by Lucas Alamán y Escalada, Mexican minister of foreign relations, and was designed to stop the flood of immigration from the United States to Texas. The law came as a result of the warning and communications of Manuel de Mier y Terán, who made fourteen recommendations directed toward stimulating counter-colonization of Texas by Mexicans and Europeans, encouraging military occupation, and stimulating coastal trade. The law, reasonable from the Mexican point of view, authorized a loan to finance the cost of transporting colonists to Texas, opened the coastal trade to foreigners for four years, provided for a federal commissioner of colonization to supervise empresario contracts in conformity with the general colonization law, forbade the further introduction of slaves into Mexico, and apparently was intended to suspend existing empresario contracts. Article 11, the one most objectionable from the Texan viewpoint, not proposed by Mier y Terán but by Alamán, was intended to prohibit or limit immigration from the United States. Mier y Terán became federal commissioner of colonization despite his doubts concerning the wisdom of Article 11 and of the articles concerning slavery and passports. Texas colonists were greatly disturbed by news of the law; Stephen F. Austin tried to allay popular excitement but protested the law to Mier y Terán and to President Anastasio Bustamante. By his manipulation of the interpretation of articles 10 and 11, Austin secured exemption from the operation of the law for his contract and for that of Green DeWitt, but the measure shook his belief in the good will of the Mexican government. Subsequently he was able to secure the repeal of Article 11. Application of the law slowed immigration, voided contracts that had been awarded but not carried toward fulfillment, and suspended two active enterprises: the Nashville or Robertson's colony and the Galveston Bay and Texas Land Company. Enforcement of the provisions of the law concerning establishment of customhouses resulted directly in the Anahuac Disturbances of 1832 and indirectly in the battle of Velasco, the Convention of 1832 and 1833, and the accumulation of grievances that helped lead to the revolution.
Why did the Spanish decide to abandon Texas in 1693? Why did they return in 1716? Who led the expedition and where did he reoccupy for Spain?
The San Francisco de los Tejas did not earn trust of Hasinais Indians Under Governor Cadillac's orders, French-born Canadian St. Denis (founder of Natchitoches) contacted Francisco Hidalgo and testified to Spanish that French had designs in Texas (thus Spanish needed to defend their territory) Captain Domingo Ramon reoccupies East Texas for Spain
If you found yourself within a restricted zone in Texas, where where you?
The coast
ID: Adam-Onis Treaty What Effect of Missouri Compromise
WHAT: The Adams-Onís (or Florida) Treaty, signed on February 22, 1819, by John Quincy Adams for the United States and by Luis de Onís for Spain, renounced the United States claim to Texas. Set the boundary between the United States and the Spanish Texas as the Sabine River and the Red River westward and northward to the Arkansas River and EFFECT OF MISSOURI COMPROMISE. The parallel of 36°30' north latitude, the southern boundary of Missouri, was established by the Missouri Compromise of 1820 as the northern limit of that part of the Louisiana Purchase that could be slave territory. Because of the Adams-Onís Treaty Texas was not considered a part of the Louisiana Purchase; therefore the annexation resolutions passed by Congress on February 28, 1845, included a restriction that if Texas were to be divided into more than one state, any state established north of the Missouri Compromise line (which was thus extended westward across Texas) would be a free state. In 1850, as a part of the Compromise of 1850 the northern boundary of the Texas Panhandle was fixed at the Missouri Compromise line, thus avoiding conflict in interpretations and making Texas clearly a "slave state."
ID: Moscoso-Soto Expedition When and where Goals What happened Results Signifance
WHEN AND WHERE: 1539, spring: Hernando de Soto (known for his conquest of Incan Empire) landed his 600-man expedition somewhere near Tampa Bay area of Florida GOALS: God, gold, and glory WHAT HAPPENED: May 1539-May 1542 met with resistance Died, leaving Luis Moscoso de Alvarado in command Decided to abandon enterprise and instead try for an overland march to New Spain Fought and tortured their way through Caddo country of northeast Texas Eventually gave up RESULT: September 1543: the surviving 311 members of Soto's expedition arrived at PAnuco. Left a trail of destruction from Atlantic coast to eastern Texas SIGNIFICANCE: Disheartening results of the Coronado and Soto-Moscoso expeditions convinced the Spanish to direct their attention to other parts of the New World
