Chapter 4 Review
Blood consists of cells and a ground substance made of formed elements
False
Dendrites in a neuron send outgoing signals to other cells.
False
Desmosomes are more effective than tight junctions in preventing substances from passing between cells
False
Excitable cells respond to outside stimuli by means of change in plasma membrane shape
False
Nonkeratinized cells exfoliate from the surface of the skin
False
Plasma cells produce the ground substance that forms the matrix of connective tissues
False
The duct of an endocrine gland leads into the bloodstream rather than onto an epithelial surface
False
Columnar cells lining the small intestine have a brush border of microvilli on the apical surface.
True
Fibrocartilage is found in intervertebral discs
True
In an epithelium, there is almost no extracellular matrix
True
Mesoderm gives rise to muscle, bone, and blood.
True
Scar tissue helps to hold an organ together but does not restore normal function of the damaged tissue
True
Smooth and cardiac muscles are under involuntary control
True
The clear gel that usually surrounds cells is called interstitial fluid
True
The secretory product of a gland is produced by its parenchyma, not its stroma
True
New triglycerides are constantly being synthesized and stored, while others are hydrolyzed and released into the circulation by the cells found in __________.
adipose tissue
It is normal for breasts to shrink after lactation ceases. This is a consequence of __________ in human breast cells.
apoptosis
___________ exhibits a lot of apparently empty space, and is found in many serous membranes
areolar tissue
An example of a highly vascular tissue is ___ tissue. An example of a tissue that is not highly vascular is ______.
areolar; cartilage
The rubbery matrix of cartilage is secreted by __________, whereas _________ produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of fibrous connective tissue.
chondroblasts; fibroblasts
Which of the following does NOT account for the gelatinous consistency of connective tissue ground substance?
collagen
A connective tissue fiber refers to a(n) __________, a nerve fiber refers to a(n) _________, and a muscle fiber refers to a(n) __________
complex of macromolecules; part of a cell; entire cell
Glands that have branched ducts and secretory cells that form sacs at one end of the ducts are classified as _____ glands.
compound acinar
The clear gel inside a cell is called ________
cytosol
Fibroblasts and protein fibers are associated with both _____ and ______
dense regular, dense irregular connective tissues
The _____ gives rise to the _______
ectoderm; nervous system and epidermis
The shape of a person's external ear is due to the presence of _____
elastic cartilage
___________ secrete ___________ into ____________
endocrine glands; hormones; the blood
the covering of body surfaces and the lining of body cavities composed _____ tissue
epithelial
The membrane that lines the lumenal surfaces of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts consists of ___________
epithelium and lamina propria
The basement membrane is found between ____ and _____
epithelium; connective tissue
______ tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential
excitable
The replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue is called _________.
fibrosis
The four primary tissue types found in an adult organs include all of the following EXCEPT ________ tissue
fibrous
Simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia have ___ cells, which produce a protective mucous coating over the mucous membranes
goblet
Which of the following is NOT a feature that almost all connective tissues have in common?
ground substance is so scarce that it is not visible with a light microscope
Which of the following is NOT a feature that connective tissues have in common?
ground substance with a gelatinous to rubbery consistency
A thin, stained slice of tissue mounted on a microscope is called a _______
histological section
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) help give the ground substance some of its qualities, including _______
holding water and maintaining electrolyte balance
Which of the following is NOT a type of fibrous connective tissue?
hyaline cartilage
Marfan syndrome is a hereditary defect of elastin fibers. People with this syndrome have _______
hyperextensible joints
After six months of lifting weights at the gym, you notice that some of your muscles have increased in size. This increase in size is due to _____ of muscle cells
hypertrophy
The histological section that divides a specimen along its long axis is called _________
longitudinal
The middle primary germ layer is called _______, which gives rise to a gelatinous material called _____, which then gives rise to different types of connective tissue such as bone, muscle and blood.
medoserm; mesenchyme
_________ glands (such as tear glands) have vesicles that release their secretion via exocytosis. ________ glands (such as oil-producing glands) secrete a mixture of disintegrated cells and their products.
merocrine; holocrine
The pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the bronchi in smokers may transform into stratified squamous epithelium. This is an example of __________.
metaplasia
The membrane that lines passageways that open to the exterior environment is called _________
mucous membrane
Mucin is secreted by ________ glands, which combines with water to form a thick and sticky product. Glands produce a relatively watery fluid.
mucous; serous
Nervous tissue consists predominantly of two cell types, neurons and _______
neuroglia
_______ epithelium provides a moist and slippery surface and is well suited to resist stress, as seen in the _______
nonkeratinized; vagina
With regard to the healing of a skin wound, macrophages ___________.
phagocytize and digest tissue debris
All cells in _______ epithelium reach the basement membrane, but only cells that reach the free surface have cilia.
pseudostratified columnar
An epithelium whose cells are tall and narrow, with each one touching the basement membrane and reaching the apical surface, is called _____ epithelium
simple columnar
A brush border of microvilli is found in ____ epithelium, which can be found in the _____
simple columnar; small intestine
Most kidneys tubules are made of ___ epithelial tissue, which is specialized for absorption and secretion
simple cuboidal
________ epithelium is the most widespread epithelium in the body, whereas ____ epithelium is rare
simple cuboidal; stratified squamous
Rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs takes place through ____ epithelium
simple squamous
______ epithelium is associated with rapid transport of substances through a membrane, whereas ____ epithelium is associated with resistance to abrasion.
simple squamous; stratified squamous
Astronauts in zero gravity are able to move food through their digestive tracts because __________
smooth muscle produces waves of contractions that propel material through the digestive tract
Skeletal muscle is described as ________
striated and voluntary
Most membranes are composed of two or three tissue types. However, an example of an exception is the _____ membrane
synovial
Collagenous fibers are very abundant in ________
tendons, ligaments, and the deeper portion of the skin
In the intestine, _______ ensure(s) that most digested nutrients pass THROUGH the epithelial cells and NOT BETWEEN them
tight junctions
Most biologists see embryonic stem (ES) cells as a possible treatment for diseases that result from the loss of functional cells. This possibility is based on the fact that ES cells are __________ stem cells.
totipotent
Found in the urinary bladder, ____ epithelium resembles ____ epithelium
transitional; stratified squamous
Blood functions to __________
transport nutrients to the tissues