Chapter 4 Review

Blood consists of cells and a ground substance made of formed elements

False

Dendrites in a neuron send outgoing signals to other cells.

False

Desmosomes are more effective than tight junctions in preventing substances from passing between cells

False

Excitable cells respond to outside stimuli by means of change in plasma membrane shape

False

Nonkeratinized cells exfoliate from the surface of the skin

False

Plasma cells produce the ground substance that forms the matrix of connective tissues

False

The duct of an endocrine gland leads into the bloodstream rather than onto an epithelial surface

False

Columnar cells lining the small intestine have a brush border of microvilli on the apical surface.

True

Fibrocartilage is found in intervertebral discs

True

In an epithelium, there is almost no extracellular matrix

True

Mesoderm gives rise to muscle, bone, and blood.

True

Scar tissue helps to hold an organ together but does not restore normal function of the damaged tissue

True

Smooth and cardiac muscles are under involuntary control

True

The clear gel that usually surrounds cells is called interstitial fluid

True

The secretory product of a gland is produced by its parenchyma, not its stroma

True

New triglycerides are constantly being synthesized and stored, while others are hydrolyzed and released into the circulation by the cells found in __________.

adipose tissue

It is normal for breasts to shrink after lactation ceases. This is a consequence of __________ in human breast cells.

apoptosis

___________ exhibits a lot of apparently empty space, and is found in many serous membranes

areolar tissue

An example of a highly vascular tissue is ___ tissue. An example of a tissue that is not highly vascular is ______.

areolar; cartilage

The rubbery matrix of cartilage is secreted by __________, whereas _________ produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of fibrous connective tissue.

chondroblasts; fibroblasts

Which of the following does NOT account for the gelatinous consistency of connective tissue ground substance?

collagen

A connective tissue fiber refers to a(n) __________, a nerve fiber refers to a(n) _________, and a muscle fiber refers to a(n) __________

complex of macromolecules; part of a cell; entire cell

Glands that have branched ducts and secretory cells that form sacs at one end of the ducts are classified as _____ glands.

compound acinar

The clear gel inside a cell is called ________

cytosol

Fibroblasts and protein fibers are associated with both _____ and ______

dense regular, dense irregular connective tissues

The _____ gives rise to the _______

ectoderm; nervous system and epidermis

The shape of a person's external ear is due to the presence of _____

elastic cartilage

___________ secrete ___________ into ____________

endocrine glands; hormones; the blood

the covering of body surfaces and the lining of body cavities composed _____ tissue

epithelial

The membrane that lines the lumenal surfaces of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts consists of ___________

epithelium and lamina propria

The basement membrane is found between ____ and _____

epithelium; connective tissue

______ tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential

excitable

The replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue is called _________.

fibrosis

The four primary tissue types found in an adult organs include all of the following EXCEPT ________ tissue

fibrous

Simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia have ___ cells, which produce a protective mucous coating over the mucous membranes

goblet

Which of the following is NOT a feature that almost all connective tissues have in common?

ground substance is so scarce that it is not visible with a light microscope

Which of the following is NOT a feature that connective tissues have in common?

ground substance with a gelatinous to rubbery consistency

A thin, stained slice of tissue mounted on a microscope is called a _______

histological section

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) help give the ground substance some of its qualities, including _______

holding water and maintaining electrolyte balance

Which of the following is NOT a type of fibrous connective tissue?

hyaline cartilage

Marfan syndrome is a hereditary defect of elastin fibers. People with this syndrome have _______

hyperextensible joints

After six months of lifting weights at the gym, you notice that some of your muscles have increased in size. This increase in size is due to _____ of muscle cells

hypertrophy

The histological section that divides a specimen along its long axis is called _________

longitudinal

The middle primary germ layer is called _______, which gives rise to a gelatinous material called _____, which then gives rise to different types of connective tissue such as bone, muscle and blood.

medoserm; mesenchyme

_________ glands (such as tear glands) have vesicles that release their secretion via exocytosis. ________ glands (such as oil-producing glands) secrete a mixture of disintegrated cells and their products.

merocrine; holocrine

The pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the bronchi in smokers may transform into stratified squamous epithelium. This is an example of __________.

metaplasia

The membrane that lines passageways that open to the exterior environment is called _________

mucous membrane

Mucin is secreted by ________ glands, which combines with water to form a thick and sticky product. Glands produce a relatively watery fluid.

mucous; serous

Nervous tissue consists predominantly of two cell types, neurons and _______

neuroglia

_______ epithelium provides a moist and slippery surface and is well suited to resist stress, as seen in the _______

nonkeratinized; vagina

With regard to the healing of a skin wound, macrophages ___________.

phagocytize and digest tissue debris

All cells in _______ epithelium reach the basement membrane, but only cells that reach the free surface have cilia.

pseudostratified columnar

An epithelium whose cells are tall and narrow, with each one touching the basement membrane and reaching the apical surface, is called _____ epithelium

simple columnar

A brush border of microvilli is found in ____ epithelium, which can be found in the _____

simple columnar; small intestine

Most kidneys tubules are made of ___ epithelial tissue, which is specialized for absorption and secretion

simple cuboidal

________ epithelium is the most widespread epithelium in the body, whereas ____ epithelium is rare

simple cuboidal; stratified squamous

Rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs takes place through ____ epithelium

simple squamous

______ epithelium is associated with rapid transport of substances through a membrane, whereas ____ epithelium is associated with resistance to abrasion.

simple squamous; stratified squamous

Astronauts in zero gravity are able to move food through their digestive tracts because __________

smooth muscle produces waves of contractions that propel material through the digestive tract

Skeletal muscle is described as ________

striated and voluntary

Most membranes are composed of two or three tissue types. However, an example of an exception is the _____ membrane

synovial

Collagenous fibers are very abundant in ________

tendons, ligaments, and the deeper portion of the skin

In the intestine, _______ ensure(s) that most digested nutrients pass THROUGH the epithelial cells and NOT BETWEEN them

tight junctions

Most biologists see embryonic stem (ES) cells as a possible treatment for diseases that result from the loss of functional cells. This possibility is based on the fact that ES cells are __________ stem cells.

totipotent

Found in the urinary bladder, ____ epithelium resembles ____ epithelium

transitional; stratified squamous

Blood functions to __________

transport nutrients to the tissues