Chapter 4: States of Matter

- Force: measured in N - Area: measured in m2 - Pressure: measured in N/m2 or PA

- As the force increases over a given area, pressure increases. - If the force decreases the pressure will decrease. - If the area changes, the same amount of force can result in different pressure.

- As altitude increases atmospheric pressure decreases. This is because fewer air particles are found in a given volume so there are less collisions and therefore exert less pressure.

- The pressure of a gas in a closed container changes with volume and temperature. - Ex: if you squeeze a portion of a filled volume, the remaining portion of the balloon becomes more firm. By squeezing it, you decrease the volume, forcing the same number of gas particles into a smaller space. As a result, the particles collide with the walls more often producing more pressure.

- Particles are in constant motion; amount of movement depends on their kinetic energy.

- Thermal energy- total kinetic energy of particles in a sample of matter.

Name the property that liquids and solids share. What property do liquids and gases share?

-Liquids and solids both have definite volume. The particles of each both stay close together. They can be related to each other; for example, ice is a solid but can turn to a liquid when it melts, and liquid can turn to ice when it freezes. - Liquids and gases both do not have definite shape. When they both get transferred/move into a new container, they take the shape of that container.

A scientist places a 25 mL of yellow substance into a 50-mL container. The substance quickly fills the entire container. Is it a solid, liquid, or gas?

Gas

Solid

Matter with a definite shape and volume that have tiny packed particles that move mainly by vibration - They do not have enough energy to move out of their fixed position.

Viscosity

A liquid's resistance to flow -The slower a liquid flows, the higher the viscosity. (ex: water has a lower viscosity than honey) -Viscosity results from the strength of the attraction between the particles of the liquid.

Plasma

An electrically charged gas

Matter

Anything that takes up space and has mass (does not have to be visible [even air is matter] ) - All matter is made up of tiny particles such as atoms, molecules, or ions. Each particle attracts other particles.

Pressure

Equal to the force exerted on a surface divided by the total area over which the force is exerted. The smaller the volume, the more pressure.

The particles in Liquid A have a stronger attraction to each other than the particles in Liquid B. If both liquids are at the same temperature, which liquid has a higher viscosity? Explain.

Liquid A has a higher viscosity. This is because the viscosity results from the strength of attraction between the particles of the Liquid. The stronger the attraction, the higher the viscosity.

Change of State

Matter can change from one state to another when thermal energy is absorbed or released. This change is known as change of state.

Gas

Matter that does not have definite shape and volume. It has particles that move in high speeds in all directions. It can quickly fill up any container.

Liquid

Matter with a definite volume but no definite shape. The particles here moved freely but close together, and takes the form of any container - The reason that a liquid can have different shapes is because the particles in a liquid move more freely and have more energy to move out of their fixed positions.

Colloids

Mixtures that contain two separate phases of matter (ex: butter, paint, jello)

Boling

One form of vaporization that exist. Boiling takes place below the surface of a liquid. When liquid boils, bubbles form within the liquid and rise to the surface. The temperature at which a liquid boils is called the boiling point. The boiling point of water is 100 degrees C.

Amorphous solids

Solids that come together without forming crystal structures. These solids often consist of large particles that are not arranged in a repeating pattern. Instead, these are found in random arrangement. (ex: rubber, plastic, and glass) - The way amorphous solids melt are different than the way crystalline solids do. This is b/c amorphous solids don't have crystal structures to break down, so they just get softer and softer as they are heated.

Specific Heat

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance 1degrees C. -Substances that have a low specific heat such as most metals and the sand heat up and cool down quickly. This is because they require only small amounts of heat to cause their temperatures to rise. - A substance with high specific heat such as water heat up and cool down slowly because a much larger amount of heat is required. { Substances with high specific heat: cool and heat slowly} {Substances with low specific heat:cool and heat fast}

Temperature

The average kinetic energy of the individual particles in a substance. - Temperature is different from thermal energy because thermal energy is a total and temperature is an average.

Vaporization

The change from a liquid to a gas. The temperature of a substance does not change during vaporization. However, the substance absorbs thermal energy, which causes the particles to move faster until they have enough energy to move out of their fixed positions and escape their liquid form to a gas form. There are two forms of vaporization.

Freezing

The change from the liquid state to the solid state. As the liquid cools, it loses thermal energy.As a result, the particles cool down and come closer together. Attractive forces begin to trap particles and the crystals of a solid begin to form. - The temperature at which a substance changes from the liquid state to the solid state is called the freezing point. (water freezes at 0 degrees C and also melts at 0 degrees C.) In this process, thermal energy is released.

Melting

The change from the solid state to the liquid state. -The temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid is called the melting point. The melting point of water is 0 degrees C. In this process,s thermal energy is absorbed.

Define the two properties of matter that determine its state.

The motion of the particles and the strength of attraction between the particles of matter

Heat

The movement of thermal energy from a substance at a higher temperature to one at a lower temperature.

Describe the movement of particles within solids, liquids, and gas.

The particles of a solid are packed closely together and vibrate back and forth, The particles in a liquid move freely but stay close together. The particles of a move at high speeds in all directions.

Evaporation

The second form of vaporization. Evaporation takes place at the surface of a liquid. Evaporation occurs at temperatures below the boiling point. To evaporate, though, the water molecules at the surface will only be able to evaporate, since they are the ones getting the heat from the sun. The particles will also have to be fast.

Condensation

This process is the opposite of vaporization;the process in which a gas turns into a liquid. As a gas condenses into liquid, it releases the thermal energy it absorbed to become gas. During this process, the temperature does not change but the decrease in energy changes the arrangement of the particles.After the state of change is complete, the temperature continues to drop.

Thermal Energy

Total energy of particles. -Depends on the number of particles.

Crystalline Solids

a repeating, three-dimensional pattern. The particles in a crystal are arranged in a cube. (ex: sugar, sand, and snow are crystalline solids)

Sublimation

the process in which a solid becomes a gas state without ever becoming a liquid. During this process, the surface particles of the solid gain enough energy to become a gas.

Surface Tension

the uneven forces acting on the particles on the surface of a liquid