Chapter 4 Study Guide

What is a malignant neoplasm derived from connective tissue?

Sacroma

Exocrine gland

gland with ducts. ducts to carry secretion

The secretion of __ glands are released directly into the blood stream

Endocrine

Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder associated with _____ tissue

Connective

Support, attachment of tissues, cushioning and protection are examples of functions for ______ tissue.

Connective tissue

What type of process conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body?

Dendrite

Which tissue type forms glands?

Epithelial

___ tissue forms linings or coverings

Epithelial

A cell that forms fibrous connective tissue would be called a

fibroblast

Intercalated disks

in the heart, the gap junctions between cardiac muscle cells are found in specialized cell-to-cell connections called, contain both gap junctions and desmosomes that help hold adjacent cells in close contact

What type of cells release chemicals in response to injury and play an important role in inflammation?

mast cells

The extracellular material of a tissue is called the

matrix

What kind of cells form bone?

Osteoblasts

Cells that maintain bone are called

Osteocytes

Name the five manifestations of inflammation; explain how each is produced and the benefits of each

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What is the function of the inflammatory response?

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Collections of specialized cells and extra-cellular substances around them are known as a(n

Tissue

Lining of urinary bladder. Function accommadates fluctuation in the volume of fluid in an organ or tube

Transitional Epithelium

allows diffusion or acts as a filter

Squamous

What type of cells contain large amounts of lipids?

Adipocytes

List the general characteristics of epithelial tissue

1. Mostly composed of cells 2. Covers body surface 3.Distinct tissue surface 4. Cell and matrix connect 5.Nonvascular 6. Regeneration

List the major functions of epithelial tissue

1. Protecting underlying disease 2. Acting as a barrier 3.Permitting the passage of substance 4. Secreting substances 5. Absorbing substance

What type of process conducts nerve impulses the cell body?

Axon

What is a malignant neoplasm derived from epithelial tissue?

Carinoma

What type of muscle is found in the wall of the heart?

Cardiac muscle

What type of cells form cartilage?

Chondroblast

list five types of cell connections

Desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, tight junctions, adhesion belt, gap junction

____________ tissue that is capable of regeneration, is avascular, and consists of cells that are bound to each other via specialized junctions.

Epithelial tissue

The four primary tissue types are

Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue

Endocrine gland

Gland without ducts. Secrete hormones t o blood

What are the three types of cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage

Where is transitional epithelium found?

Line the urinary bladder, ureters, pelvis of the kidney and superior part of the urethra

What type of cells phagocytize foreign or injured cells and play a major role in providing protection against infections?

Macrophages

The extracellular material found in tissues is called

Matrix

What type of membranes line cavities that open to the outside and often contain mucous glands?

Mucous

A thick, sticky secretion produced by goblet cells is called

Mucus

___ tissue is characterized by it's contractility

Muscle

Of the four classes of tissues, the tissue that consists of elongated fibers that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation is ____

Muscle tissue

What are the functions of glia?

Nourish, protect, and insulate neurons.

A(n) ______ is any anatomical structure that is composed of at least two different tissue types, has recognizable structural boundaries, and has a discrete function different from the structures around it.

Organ

What type of epithelial tissue is found lining the trachea?

Pseudostratified

Lining of tranchea, bronchi of the lungs, lining nasal cavity. Function synthesize and secret mucus onto the free surface

Pseudostratified Columnar

Explain the difference between red marrow and yellow marrow

Red bone marrow is hemopoetic tissue(easy to damage) surrounded by a framework of reticular fibers ( SPONGY) Yellow bone marrow consist of adipose tissue and does not produce blood cells

In _____, the new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed

Regeneration

Name the two processes that result in the repair of injured tissue

Regeneration and replacement

Bone has a ____ blood supply, the organic portion consists of protein fibers, primarily ___ , and other organic molecules. The mineral, or inorganic, portion consists of specialized crystals called hydroxyapatite, which contains calcium and phosphate. The strength and rigidity of the mineralized matrix allow bones to support and protect other tissues and organs

Rich; collagen

What is formed from granulation tissue?

Scar

The type of membrane that protects internal organs from friction is a ________ membrane.

Serous

What type of membranes do not open to the exterior, do not contain glands, but do secrete fluid?

Serous

allows diffusion of gasees, filtration of blood, secretion, absorption

Simple

lining of stomach and intestines. Movement of particles out of bronchioles by cilated cells

Simple Columnar Epithelium

The lining of blood and lymph vessels, air sacs of lungs and the peritoneum is what type of epithelium? Functions: diffusion, filtration, some protect friction, secretion, absorption

Simple Squamos Epithelium

The lining of kidney tubes, glands and their ducts. Secretion absorption of the kidney

Simple cuboidal Epithelium

What type of muscle is found attached to bones?

Skeletal muscle

The type of muscle found in the walls of blood vessels is

Smooth

protection, particulary against abrasion

Stratified

Which type of epithelium has the following characteristics: multiple layers, squamous cell shape, dead outer layers of cells, and keratin present in some cells?

Stratified keratinized squamous epithelium

The type of membrane that lines freely movable joints is a _____ membrane.

Synovial

Compare the structure of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells.

Table 4.14

What is the characteristic function of nervous tissue?

The ability to conduct electrical signals called action potentials

Pus

a fluid product of inflammation; contains white blood cells, the debris of dead cells, and tissue elements liquefied by enzymes

Replacement

a new type of tissue develops, which eventually produces a scat and causes the loss of some tissue function

What is the function of the basement membrane?

adhere epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue

Tissue

are collections of specialized cells and the extracellular substances surrounding them.

Adenocarcinomas

are types of carcinomas derived from glandular epithelium. Most breast cancers are adenocarcinomas.

A tissue that has a fluid matrix is

blood and lymph

The three types of protein fibers found in connective tissue are

collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers.

What type of connective tissue is found in the walls of large arteries?

dense irregular elastic tissue

What type of connective tissue is found in tendons and ligaments?

dense regular collagenous tissue

list the major functions of connective tissue

enclose organs as a capsule seperate organs, connect tissues to one anotherm support and movement, storage fat

Edema

excessive accumulation of fluid within or around cells, usually causing swelling

A delicate connective tissue composed of fibroblasts, collagen, and capillaries is called

granulation tissue

Cartliage__ slowly after an injury because it has few, if any, blood vessels.

heals

Blood cells are produced in the __ tissue found in red bone marrow

hemopoietic

Autopsy

is a postmortem examination of the organs to determine the cause of death or to study the changes caused by a disease.

Basement membrane

is a specialized type of extracellular material secreted by epithelial and connective tissue cells. The basement membrane helps attach epithelial cells to the underlying tissues

Histology

is the microscopic study of tissues

Biopsy

is the process of removing tissue samples from patients surgically or with a needle for diagnostic purposes.

Tissue repair

is the substitution of viable cells for dead cells by regeneration or replacement

A thin layer of tissue that covers an organ or lines a cavity is a

membrane

The support and protection of neurons rests with

neuroglia

What type of cells break down bone tissue?

osteoclast

All cells attached to the basement membrane but not all cells reach free surfaces is a description of ___ epithelium

pseudostratified

The characteristic of age-related changes at the tissue level. ____flexibility and elasticity of connective tissue, arterial walls become less elastic, rate of red blood cell synthesis ___, development of atherosclerosis

reduced; declines

What type of epithelial tissue is found in the stomach?

simple columnar epithelium

Movement of food through the digestive tract results from the action of __muscle.

smooth

What type of cells have the potential to differentiate to form adult cell types

stem cells

What type of epithelial tissue is found in the mouth?

stratified squamous epithelium

A muscle that is not consciously controlled and has a banded appearance would be described as

striated involuntary.

Regeneration

the new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed, and normal function is usually restored.

What type of epithelial tissue is found in the urinary bladder?

transitional epithelium