Chapter 41 a&p Nutrition and Metabolism

A hormone that stimulates the conversion of proteins to glucose is:

ACTH

The cycle in which an ATP high-energy bond is broken to yield a phosphate group, ADP, and energy and then recombined to form ATP is called the:

ATP/ADP system

Carbohydrates must be converted to which molecule before entering the citric acid cycle?

An acetyl group

Which of the following is a factor that reduces appetite?

An increase in blood temperature reaching the hypothalamus

Which of the following vitamins is not stored in significant amounts in the body and must be continually supplied to the diet?

C

The hormone capable of causing both protein anabolism and catabolism is:

THYROID hormone

Which of the following stimulates protein synthesis?

Testosterone

ADP is an abbreviation for:

adenosine diphosphate.

Protein, or nitrogen, balance means protein:

anabolism equals protein catabolism.

The process by which proteins are SYNTHESIZED by the ribosomes in all cells is called protein:

anabolism.

"Occurs when nutrient molecules enter the cell and undergo many chemical changes" is the textbook definition of:

assimilation.

Deamination, the SPLITTING OFF of an amino group from an amino acid molecule to form a molecule of ammonia and one of keto acid, is the first step in protein:

catabolism.

Which of the following carbohydrates cannot be absorbed directly into the cells?

d. None of the above carbohydrates can be absorbed directly into the cells.

The hormone that RAISES BLOOD SURGAR LEVEL by causing a shift to fat catabolism is:

d. both A and B. (a. ACTH & b. growth hormone)

Catabolism is a _____ process involving the _____ of energy.

decomposition; release

The conversion of proteins to glucose is an example of:

GLUCOneoGenesis.

The preferred energy fuel of the body is:

Glucose

Which of the following substances is not transported as part of a chylomicron?

Glucose

An increased blood sugar level stimulates which of the following to occur?

GlycoGENESIS

What process has pyruvic acid and two gained ATPs as end products?

Glycolysis

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

Glycolysis requires the use of oxygen.

In which of the following cells is glucose phosphorylation reversible?

Kidney

An increase of body temperature of 1 degree Celsius will necessitate an increase in metabolism of approximately:

13%

Which of the following is most indicative of a normal blood sugar level?

80 to 90 mg/100 ml

Which of the following types of cells contains phosphatase?

Kidney

Which of the following minerals is important in BONE formation, blood clotting, and nerve function?

Calcium

Which of the following is the correct order of the body's energy fuel preference, starting with the first choice and ending with the third choice?

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins

Which statement best compares the processes of anabolism and catabolism?

Catabolism breaks food molecules down into smaller molecular compounds and, in so doing, releases energy from them. ANABOLISM DOES THE OPPOSITE

Which of the following minerals is important in stomach ACID production?

Chlorine

A term for substances such as sodium, chloride, calcium, and potassium is:

D. both A and C (a. bulk nutrient. c. macromineral.)

When the blood glucose level starts to decrease toward lower than normal:

D. All of the above (a. liver cells increase the rate at which they convert glycogen, amino acids, and fats to glucose. b. there is an increase in glycogenolysis. c. there is an increase in gluconeogenesis.)

Metabolic rates are expressed as:

D. Both A and B (a. normal or as a percentage above or below normal. b. the number of kilocalories of heat energy expended per hour or per day.)

Which of the following is a characteristic of a saturated fat

D. Both A and B are characteristics of a saturated fat. (a. It is a solid at room temperature. b. It contains all the hydrogen it can hold.)

Malnutrition includes a deficiency or imbalance of:

D. Both B and C (b. food. c. vitamins.)

What process uses high-energy electrons and hydrogen carriers to release energy?

Electron TRANSPORT chain

Which statement explains how a diet that is low in carbohydrates would reduce the amount of fat in the body?

Fewer carbohydrates would result in fats moving out of adipose tissue and being catabolized.

Which of the following is not part of "basal conditions"?

In a preabsorptive state

Which of the following is not a result of insulin deficiency?

Increased glucose catabolism

The hormone that has a tendency to inhibit fat catabolism is:

Insulin

Which of the following hormones is not hyperglycemic?

Insulin

A deficiency in which of the following minerals leads to thyroid enlargement and a decrease in the metabolic rate?

Iodine

Which of the following is NOT considered a MACROnutrient?

Iron

Which of the following minerals is important in blood cell production?

Iron

Which of the following is NOT true of ATP?

It cannot be recycled after it is broken down.

Which of the following is a characteristic of an UNsaturated fat?

It has at least one double bond.

Which of the following is true of metabolism?

It involves synthesis and decomposition.

Which of the following is true of energy released by the breakdown of food substances?

It is used to SYNTHESIZE ATP.

Which of the following is not true of glycolysis?

It occurs in the mitochondria.

All of the following are a result of lipid anabolism except:

Ketone Bodies

Catabolism of fatty acids, without any other food product availability, causes the production of:

Ketone Bodies

Which process begins with acetyl CoA and produces high-energy electrons and hydrogen carrier molecules?

Krebs cycle

If a person's total metabolic rate (TMR) were 2400 calories, would his or her basal metabolic rate (BMR) be more or less than 2400 calories?

LESS because BMR is about 55% to 60% of the TMR.

The process of gluconeogenesis occurs in the:

Liver

Glucose cannot be secreted from what cells once glucose phosphorylation has occurred in them?

Muscle Cells

Which statement best explains how orexigenic factors affect appetite?

Orexigenic factors are hormones, neurotransmitters, and other factors that affect feeding centers in the hypothalamus that stimulate appetite.

Glucose phosphorylation is catalyzed by which of the following enzymes?

PhosphaTASE

Which of the following minerals is important in the production of ATP, RNA, and DNA?

Phosphorus

Which of the following names is NOT a term used for the aerobic breakdown of food substances?

Pyruvate cycle

Which of the following is NOT considered a MIRCOnutrient?

Sodium

Which of the following vitamins can the body make?

Vitamin D

All of the following hormones control lipid metabolism except:

epinephrine

ACTH affects metabolism by stimulating the release of:

glucoCORTICOIDS

The enzyme that catalyzes glucose phosphorylation is:

glucoKINASE.

The process of splitting glycogen is called:

glycogenoLYSIS

The appetite center is located in the:

hypothalamus.

The basal metabolic rate is higher in all of the following situations except:

hypothermia compared with FEVER.

The Citric Acid cycle takes place in the:

mitochondria.

Glucagon increases the activity of:

phosphorylase.

The action of phosphatase enzyme is to catalyze the:

release of glucose from phosphate.

A term for substances such as iron, iodine, zinc, and manganese is:

trace element.

Excess glucose and amino acids are converted to:

triglycerides.

The most common lipids in the diet are:

triglycerides.