Human Anatomy Chapter 6 (cartilage and bone)
Functions of bone include
(1) the maintenance of body shape, (2) the protection of internal organs, (3) the storage of fats and minerals, and (4) the formation of blood cells
steps of endochondral ossification
1. Hyaline cartilage model develops. 2. Periosteal bone collar forms. 3. Primary Ossification center appears. 4. Secondary Ossification center appears. 5. Epiphyseal plates become epiphyseal lines.
Order the events of intramembranous ossification
1. Ossification centers form in the mesenchyme. 2. Osteoid calcifies. 3. Woven bone and periosteum form. 4. Plates of compact bone form with sponge bone in between.
Steps of appositional growth of cartilage (3)
1. Stem cells in the perichondrium undergo mitosis 2. Committed cells become chondroblasts 3. New matrix is produced at the periphery of the cartilage
steps of bone fracture repair
1. formation of fracture hematoma 2. fibrocartilaginous callus formation 3. bony callus formation 4. bone remodeling
Chondroblasts:
Are the the cells that produce the matrix of cartilage. Once they become encased with the matrix they have produce and secreted the cells are called chondrocytes
a joint in the bodies also called an
Articulation
What are examples of short bones
Bones of the wrist. Some bones of the foot.
In bone fracture repair, a fibrocartilaginous callus is replaced with a
Bony
which are examples of flat bones
Breastbone (Sternum) Shoulder blade bones Bones of the roof of the skulls
most of the body reserves of ___ and __ are stoned and released by bone
Calcium and phosphate
passageways or slit-like openings through bones are called?
Canals Fissures Foramina
The cells that produce the matrix of cartilage are called
Chondroblasts
the following steps to summarize interstitial growth of cartilage
Chondrocyte in lacuna undergoes mitosis Two cells occupy one lacuna Two cells in one lacuna begin to produce new matrix
rings of bone directly internal to the periosteum of a bone are called
Circumferential
which is an organic component of bone?
Collagene fibers and ground substance
A fracture at the distal end of the radius
Colles
An osteon is the basic functional and structural microscopic unit of mature ___ bone.
Compact
flat bones have surfaces composed of ___________ bone with internally placed ____________ bone
Compact Spongy
In a ___ fracture, one or both ends of a broken bone pierce the overlying skin
Compound
bone markings
Crest: narrow, prominent ridge like projection. Tuberosity: Large rough projection Line: Low Ridge Tubercle: Small, round projection
facture types: Depressed Displaced: Epiphyseal: Impacted:
Depressed: Broken part of the bone forms a concavity. Displaced: Fractured bone parts are out of anatomic alignment. Epiphyseal: Epiphysis is separated from the diaphysis at the epiphyseal plate. Impacted: One fragment of bone is firmly driven into the other.
The Primary ossification Center is located in the ____ of a long bone
Diaphysis
the elongated cylindrical shaft of a long bone is called its
Diaphysis
A patient with hyperthyroidism, a disease where too much PTH is produced would be expected to have
Elevated blood calcium levels. Decreased bone mass
Which structure replaces the epiphyseal plate in adult bone?
Epiphyseal line
The secondary ossification center form in the ___ of long bones
Epiphyses
mature cartilage is well vascularized
False
Bones that are produced through intramembranous ossification are
Flat bones of the skull. Maxilla. Mandible.
Elastic Cartilage
Flexible supports the fleshy external part of the ear called auricle
bones provide structural support for the body by serving as a ______ for the entire body
Framework
The ______ is the semisolid material that suspends and supports the collagen fibers, its part of the orange materials in the matrix of bone.
Ground Substance
A blood clot within a bone fracture is called a fracture
Hematoma
3 types of cartilage
Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage
When osteoblast activity out paces osteoclast activity, bone mass:
Increase
Two types of Cartilage Growth are
Interstital growth which means growth from within the cartilage itself. Also appositional growth which the means growth along the cartilage outside edge or periphery
incomplete osteon that typically have no central canal are called
Interstitial lamellae
The type of ossification that occurs within a membrane and is sometimes also referred to as a dermal ossification is called
Intramembranous
the type of ossification that occurs within a membrane and is sometimes also referred to as dermal ossification is called ____
Intramembranous ossification.
Which statements characterize articular cartilage
It Functions to reduce friction in joints. It's composed of hyaline cartilage. It covers an epiphysis.
which statement characterize lamellar bone?
It becomes the spongy bone of flat bone. It is also known as secondary bone. It becomes lamellar bone. It replaces trabecular of woven bone
Which statements characterize the microscopic arrangement of spongy bone?
It contains no Osteons. It contains Parallel Lamellae. It contains Lacunae and Canaliculi
which statements describe the inorganic components of the matrix of bone?
It is a portion of the ground substance. It contains hydroxyapatite crystals It gives the bone its hardness.
which statements characterize endosteum
It is active during bone repair it lines medullary cavities it contains osteoclasts it contains osteoblasts
Which statements describe an osteon
It is also called a Haversian system. It contains a central canal. It's microscopic. It runs parallel to diaphysis of a long bone.
which statements characterize bone remodeling
It occurs at the periosteal and endosteal surface of a bone It helps maintain calcium and phosphate levels in body fluids it can be stimulated by stress on a bone
which statements characterize the effect of vitamin D
It promotes absorption of phosphate and calcium into the blood It aids in the calcification of bone
Which statements characterize the functions of cartilage
It supports soft tissues. It provides a model for the formation of bones. It provides a gliding surface at joints.
Which statements describe the matrix of bone?
Its harder than the matrix of cartilage. Calcium Phosphate is the most of the inorganic part of the matrix. It's composed of organic substance.
which statement characterize woven bone?
Its not well organized. It is replaced by lamellar bone Its formed during intramembranous ossification
based on shape, the most common type of bone is ?
Long bone
choose the bones formed through endochondral ossification?
Lower limb bones Vertebrae Upper limb bones
the cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a long bone is called?
Medullary Cavity.
which statements characterize the innervation of bone
Nerves innervate bone as well as the periosteum, endosperm and marrow cavity Nerves of bone accompany the blood vessels of bone
Chondrocytes
Occupy small spaces named lacunae these mature cartilage cells maintain the matrix and ensure that it remains healthy and viable. Mature cartilage is avascular so nutrients must diffuse through the matrix
Which components of bone matrix provides its tensile strength
Organic
___ are large phagocytic cells found in bone
Osteoclasts
the release of stored calcium and phosphate from the bone matrix is called
Osteolysis
A___ fracture occurs in bone that has been weakened by disease
Pathologic Fracture
a tough fibrous layer covering the outer surface of a long bone is called ?
Periosteum.
The region in the diaphysis of a long bone where bone replaces cartilage through endochondral ossification is called?
Primary Ossification.
Fibrocartilage
Provides both toughness and flexibility to the pubic symphysis and the Intervertebral discs
Functions of cartilage
Providing a gliding surface at articulations where two bones meet. Also providing a model for the formation of most of the bones in the body, that is late replaced by bone tissue
The epiphysis of a long bone closet to the body trunk is the ___
Proximal
The epiphysis of a long bone closest to the body trunk is the
Proximal Epiphysis
In endochondral ossification, _____ossification centers form in the epiphyte of long bones
Secondary Ossification
Groups of bones serve as attachments sites for
Skeletal Muscles
The role of estrogen and testosterone on maintenance and bone growth is to?
Stimulate osteoblast and promote epiphyseal plate growth and closure
Hyaline cartilage
Supporting tissues. For Example C shaped hyaline cartilage rings in the trachea support the connective tissue and sculpture of the tracheal wall
Statements characterize concentric lamellae of osteons
Their numbers vary among osteons. They contain collagen fibers. They are rings of bone tissue.
which statements characterize osteoclasts
They Reabsorb bone matrix. The are phagocytic. They have ruffled borders. They secrete hydrochloric acid.
Which statement characterize central canals of osteons
They are cylindrical channels. They contain nerves. They contain blood vessels.
Which statements characterize bone markings?
They can sometimes determines a person's sex. They indicate site of blood vessels entry through bone. They mark points of attachment for tendons and ligaments. They are Sites of articulations.
which statements characterize canaliculi
They extend from lacunae to lacunae; Nutrients pass through them; They contain osteocyte cytoplasmic extensions
Bone marking and description
Trochanter: Massive rough projection found only of the femur. Spine: pointed slender process. Ramus: Angular extension of a bone relative to the rest of the structure Epicondyle: Projection next to a condyle.
A smooth grooved pulley like articular process of a bone is called
Trochela
The epiphyseal plate is composed of cartilage
True.. The epiphyseal plate is composed of cartilage while the epihphseal line is composed of bone.
Zone of an epiphyseal plate and it's description
Zone of resting cartilage: Secures the epiphysis to the epiphyseal plate Zone of proliferating cartilage: Chondrocytes become aligned into longitudinal columns of flattened lacuna Hypertrophic cartilage: Chondrocytes stop dividing and enlarge in this region Calcified zone: Calcification kills chondrocytes in this region Ossification: New Matrix of bone is deposited in this region
a bone fracture is
an abnormal break in a bone
growth along the periphery of cartilage is called _______ growth
appositional
Bone growth in diameter
appositional growth
osteoprogenitor cells are located in
endosteum and periosteum
which bones are produced by intramembranous ossification
flat bones of the skull.
The process of blood cell production is called?
hemopoiesis
which statements are true regarding cartilage
it is found in the head, arms, legs, and trunk of the body; it is more flexible than bone; it contains cells and a matrix.
Chondrocytes occupy small spaces called
lacunae
The metaphysic of mature bone contains a thin layer of compact bone called the epiphyseal
line
which tissue types are found in bones
osseous connective tissue blood nervous tissue
The formation and development of bone is
ossification
When osteoblasts become entrapped in the matrix they produce, they become cells called
osteocytes
mature bones cells are called
osteocytes
insufficient ossification is a condition known as
osteopenia
in fracture repair, the fracture hematoma becomes a __ which in turns becomes a __
pro callus Fibrocartilaginous callus
function of parathyroid hormone
raises blood calcium levels
in endochondral ossification ___ ossification centers form in the epiphyses of long bones
secondary
based on shapes, bones that have a length about equal to their width are classified as
short bones
cancellous or trabecular bone is also called?
spongy bone
the major role of thyroid hormone is bone remodeling is to
stimulate bone growth by influencing the basal metabolic rate of bone cells.
Long bones include
the bones of the fingers; the bones of the palm; the bones of the toes; and the thigh bone
In adults red bone marrow is located in
the sternum Vertebrae Ribs Skull Bones
