chapter 46
The body uses tyrosine in the diet to make what substance?
Norepinephrine
A client has a neurologic disorder characterized by a deficiency of acetylcholine. In what location is acetylcholine normally synthesized?
Within cholinergic nerves themselves
A patient is using his incentive spirometer during the postoperative period. The skeletal muscles during the use of the incentive spirometer are stimulated by which neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
What does the body create using choline?
Acetylcholine
A client's left adrenal medulla has been injured in a motor vehicle accident. What is a possible implication of this injury?
Disruptions in the levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine
When describing the fight or flight response, an instructor describes various events that occur and substances that are secreted. Which substance would the instructor include as being responsible for sodium and water retention?
Aldosterone
The anatomy and physiology instructor is discussing adrenergic receptors with the nursing class. What adrenergic receptor would the instructor tell the students is found in the blood vessels, iris, and urinary bladder?
Alpha 1
The nurse is describing the differing functions of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system to a client. The nurse has explained how the SNS is associated with a "fight-or-flight" reaction. How should the nurse describe the characteristics of the parasympathetic nervous system?
"rest and digest"
Which would NOT occur when nicotinic receptors are stimulated? (Mark all that apply.)
-Signs and symptoms of a rest and digest reaction -Muscle relaxation
The nursing instructor is explaining the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in influencing body functions. Which change in a patient's body functions would be directly related to the stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system?
A client who is in anxious while waiting in the pre-operative area
A client's nerve has been stimulated by pain and the resulting electrical action potential has reached the end of the axon. What will happen next?
A neurotransmitter will be released into the synaptic cleft
A client in distress has been given dobutamine, a medication intended to increase myocardial activity and heart rate. This medication likely stimulates what adrenergic receptor?
Beta-1
The anatomy and physiology instructor is discussing adrenergic receptors with the nursing class. What adrenergic receptor would the instructor tell the students is found in the heart and can stimulate increased myocardial activity and increase heart rate?
Beta1
Which effect results from activation of beta2 receptors?
Bronchodilation
A client's nerves have been stimulated and the signal has reached the axon. How will communication continue?
By the release of a neurotransmitter
The nursing instructor is explaining the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in influencing body functions. Which change in a patient's body functions would be directly related to the stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Decreased heart rate
Parkinson's disease is associated with a decrease in which of the following neurotransmitters?
Dopamine
What is the resulting physiologic effect when the parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated?
Increased GI motility
Cholinergic receptors are classified as nicotinic or muscarinic. What is a result of the stimulation of the nicotinic receptors?
Muscle contraction
A nurse is reviewing the structure and function of the nervous system in preparation for working on a neurological floor. What characteristic of neurons should the nurse identify?
Neurons convey action potentials to other neurons without being in physical contact.
A nurse is reading an article about the fight or flight response that includes a discussion of a neurotransmitter. Which neurotransmitter most likely would be addressed?
Norepinephrine
A client with Parkinson's disease has been prescribed tolcapone, a medication which inhibits catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT). The nurse should recognize what implication for the function of the client's autonomic nervous system?
Norepinephrine may be present in synapses longer than usual
A patient is suffering from a heart rate of 42 beats per minute. Which system contributes to bradycardia?
Parasympathetic nervous system
A client with a history of glaucoma is prescribe pilocarpine, a muscarinic receptor agonist. For what potential local and systemic effects should the nurse assess? Select all that apply.
Pupil constriction Increased secretions Increased bladder contraction
The nurse administers a drug that stimulates beta2 receptors. What type of health condition would this drug treat?
Respiratory disease
Which of the following events is initiated when a ligand stimulates a receptor on target tissue?
Signal transduction
Where are alpha-receptors found?
Smooth muscles
A graduate of a nursing program is scheduled to take the NCLEX today. He wakes up and is noticing his heart is racing and his pupils are dilated. What can he attribute to this reaction?
Sympathetic nervous system
The nurse accompanies the health care provider into the client's room and remains after the client is told he has cancer and a poor prognosis. The client's respirations become rapid and deep, his pupils dilate and he appears diaphoretic. What type of response is the nurse witnessing?
Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) response
A signal has reached the terminus of a client's nerve and is in the space where the nerve is closest to the effector cell in a muscle. At what location is this signal?
Synapse
A client has been prescribed a medication that antagonizes the beta receptors of the sympathetic nervous system. What assessment finding should the nurse attribute to the effects of this medication?
The client's blood pressure is decreased
The nurse is assessing a client. What assessment finding is the clearest indicator of autonomic function?
The client's respiratory rate is 22 breaths per minute
When describing the sympathetic nervous system, the instructor would include which of the following?
The relatively long postganglionic fibers synapse with neuroeffectors.
A group of students are reviewing the autonomic nervous system. The students demonstrate a need for additional review when they identify what as being involved with the sympathetic nervous system?
Vagus nerve
Most acute CNS responses are caused by fast-acting neurotransmitters, which include:
acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
The functions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) can be broadly described as:
activities designed to maintain a constant internal environment, to respond to stress or emergencies, and to repair body tissues.
Norepinephrine is mainly:
an excitatory neurotransmitter that stimulates the brain to generalized increased activity.
A nurse is caring for a patient who is having a sympathetic response. A sympathetic response involves:
an increase in blood pressure, bronchi dilation, and decreased bowel sounds
Sympathetic stimulation of the heart causes:
an increased rate and force of myocardial contraction.
After teaching a group of students about the functions of the nervous system, the instructor determines that the teaching was effective when the students identify that a function is:
control of body functions.
Which client is demonstrating the outcome of the down-regulation of receptors?
drug addiction
The nurse is caring for a client with asthma who has been administered albuterol in order to promote bronchodilation and relieve shortness of breath. When giving this medication, the nurse has affected the client's autonomic nervous system by:
stimulating beta2-receptors
Characteristics that allow neurons to communicate with other body cells include:
the ability to be stimulated and to convey electrical impulses.
After the effector cell has been stimulated by acetylcholine (ACh), what enzyme stops this stimulation and allows the effector membrane to repolarize?
Acetylcholinesterase
When describing the parasympathetic nervous system, which of the following would be included?
The cells are primarily located in the sacral area of the spinal cord.