Chapter 5-8 Exam

________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

Concepts

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?

Conditioned to drool when a...

What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest?

Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.

Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have?

Dyslexia

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

Emotion can be a conditioned response

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert?

Emotions can be a conditioned response

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our conscious

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Fixed interval

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

Functional fixedness

Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure?

Gestalt

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?

He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.

Higher-order

What is described by the concept of perception?

How sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced.

What is episodic memory?

Information about events we have personally experienced

Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia?

Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who is she, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots

What is semantic memory?

Knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

Learning

Which of the following is not one of the four subtypes of intellectual disability?

Modest

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

Negative Reinforcement

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?

Optic

Several studies have suggested that non-Black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person. What does this imply about perception?

Perceptions are influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes.

________ encoding is the encoding of sounds.

Acoustic

Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding?

Being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

Primary

Which of the following is an example of latent learning?

Remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute.

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Robert Sternberg

What are the two components of declarative memory?

Semantic and episodic

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

Semantics

Which of the following exemplifies olfaction?

Smelling cookies in the oven

Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory.

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?

Using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the 5 Great Lakes

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

Variable ratio

Kimya stares at a bright light and then looks away. After she looks away, she perceives a spot. What is this spot?

afterimage

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________.

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

Encoding information occurs through ________.

automatic processing and effortful processing

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

confirmation

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

construction; reconstruction

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

continuous

Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________.

cornea; pupil

Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

creative

________-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds.

high; low

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.

hindsight bias

The ________is also known as the anvil.

incus

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.

interpersonal; intrapersonal

Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________.

learning

Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

logical-mathematical

Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________.

longer wavelengths

Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies.

lower; higher

What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________.

mastery of the grammatical aspects of language

A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working.

mental set

Schemata are a(an) ________.

method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently

Derek wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced that he hears his name. He stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award. This illustrates how ________can affect perception.

motivation

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditional stimulus

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

observational

The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________.

one standard deviation above the mean

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

retrieval

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.

retrograde

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.

retrograde; anterograde

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.

role

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.

semantic

Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory.

signal detection

Congenital deafness refers to deafness ________.

since birth

From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________.

thinking

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?

top-down

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.

transduction

Giorgio memorizes the German poem "The Erlking" to recite in his eighth grade German class. He remembers it well for weeks after the presentation, but gradually his ability to recite the poem fades. This is an example of ________, one of the seven sins of memory.

transience

Honeybees can see light in the ________ range of the electromagnetic spectrum.

ultraviolet

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

unconditioned response

Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding.

visual