Chapter 5

Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum of the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as _____.

articulacy suppression

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that _____.

information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal if prevented, is _____.

15-20 seconds or less

The "magic number," according to Miller, is _____.

7 plus or minus 2

Conduct an experiment where participants see a number of target letters flashed briefly on a screen and are told to immediately write down the letters in the order they were presented. It is most likely that the targer letter "P" will be misidentified as _____.

C

If Peyton Manning, a professional football player, wanted to remember his 16-digit credit card number, which of the following memory techniques would you recommend?

He should think of the number as a sequence of football statistics

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?

Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?

The central executive and long-term memory

Imaging yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?

The visuospatial sketch pad

The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that _____.

chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after3 seconds but only 10% after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to _____, but later research showed that it was actually _____.

decay; interference

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as

echoic memory

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as _____.

echoic memory

A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they _____.

may differ from one task to another.

STM's capacity is best estimated as seven (plus or minus 2) ______.

meaningful units

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if _____.

one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop

If a person has a digit span of two, this indicates that he has _____ memory.

poor short-term

Shanta has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Shanta is displaying

preservsation

Jill's friends tell her they think she has a really good memory. She finds this interesting so she decides to purposefully test her memory. Jill receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work. Usually, she checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize the to-do lists. On Monday, Jill is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list. On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thursday, she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent. Jill's memory is declining over the course of the week because other information she encounters is "competing" with that which she memorized on Monday. This process is called

proactive interferences

Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because _____.

saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop

Which task should be easier: keeping a sentence like "John went to the store to buy some oranges" in your mind AND _____.

saying "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun.

Remembering that a tomato is actually a fruit rather than vegetable is an example of _____ memory.

semantic

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with _____ memory.

short term