Chapter 5 and 6 Private Pilot

Five key W words when calling ATC

1. Who you are calling. "Dubuque Tower" 2. Who you are "Diamond 505 Juliet Foxtrot" 3. Where you are "15 miles west at 3,000" 4. What type of service you are requesting "Landing" 5. With ATIS (if applicable) With Oscar

Aircraft transmit and receive information using one or both of two ADS-B data links. Your aircraft equipment can use the 1090 MHz extended squitter (__________) link for operations at any altitude and you must use this link at or above 18,000 ft MSL. This link enables _______ data but does not enable ________. The 978 MHz universal access transceiver (________) is limited to altitudes below 18,000 ft MSL. You can receive both TIS-B and FIS-B data using this data link. To fly at any altitude and receive FIS-B, you can transmit (ADS-B Out) on __________ and receive (ADS-B In) on both ________ and __________.

1090ES TIS-B FIS-B 978 UAT 1090ES 978 UAT

For most VFR operations, set the transponder code to _____. Many transponders default to this code or you can press a VFR button to set __________. ATC will assign you a specific, or discrete, code in Class A, B, or C airspace, or when you request traffic advisory services. Several special codes are reserved for distress situations. Hijacking: Communication Failure: Emergency: The term ________ is used to assign a code and to indicate which transponder function you should select.

1200 1200 7500 7600 7700 squawk

Inform Flight Service if, after activating your flight plan, your destination changes or if you will be at least 15 minutes later than planned. If you have not closed your flight plan within ____ minutes after your estimated time of arrival, Flight Service will try to find your airplane--calling your destination airport, other airports on your route, your home base, and the contacts in your flight plan. If the phone search is unsuccessful, Flight Service alerts the ______ and _______ system. SAR personnel from organizations, such as the US Coast Guard, the Civil Air Patrol, and law enforcement, are dispatched to search for your airplane and provide survival and medical aid if you have been in an accident.

30 Search and Rescue

Which is true about transponder modes? A. Mode S provides two-way data link capability and enables ADS-B. B. Mode A provides 4,096 available codes and transmits your airplane's altitude. C. Mode C transmits your airplane's altitude and provides two-way data link capability.

A

Which is true regarding search and rescue services (SAR)? A. Flight Service alerts the SAR system if a phone search to locate your airplane is unsuccessful. B. If you have not closed your flight plan within 15 minutes after your ETA, Flight Service begins a phone search. C. If you have not closed your flight plan within 30 minutes after your ETA, Flight Service immediately alerts the SAR system.

A

You are on a heading of 360 degrees. ATC issues the traffic advisory, "Traffic 10, o clock, 2 miles, southbound." Where should you look? A. Northwest--between directly ahead and 90 degrees to the left B. Northwest--between directly ahead and 90 degrees to the right C. Northeast--between directly ahead and 90 degrees to the right

A

The information that appears to the controller depends on the transponder mode. Mode ___ transmits a four-digit code to ATC for aircraft identification. Mode ____ transmits your airplane's altitude to ATC. Mode ___ capability is required in Class ___, ____, and ____ airspace, within ___ miles of the primary airport in Class B airspace, above Class B and C airspace, and above __________ ft MSL. Starting in 2020, ________ is required in the same airspace. A Mode ___ two-way data link enable the transponder to exchange information with ATC and with other Mode ___-equipped aircraft. Mode ___ is required for ADS-B. A 1090ES Mode ___ transponder transmits GPS data, such as aircraft position, direction, velocity, and vertical trend at least once per second. This enables ATC and other aircraft to precisely track your airplane's flight path. Mode ___ is also required for traffic alert and collision avoidance systems (TCAS) to coordinate resolution advisories with other aircraft that have TCAS.

A C C A, B, and C 30 10,000 ADS-B S S S S S

When should you press IDENT on the transponder and what is the purpose of this function?

ATC asks you to "ident" to cause the transponder return to blossom on the ATC display for a few seconds, enabling controller to easily identify you

The _______ _______ _______ contains the basic flight information and ATC procedures for VFR and IFR operations in the National Airspace System. The AIM also includes items of special interests to pilots, such as medical facts and other flight safety information.

Aeronautical Information Manual

The ______/____ _______ contains a descriptive listing of all airports, heliports, and seaplane bases that are open to the public.

Airport/Facility Directory

Describe the atmospheric convection process.

As air is heated, it expands and becomes less dense than the surrounding air. As air cools, its molecules become packed more closely together, making it denser and heavier than warm air. As a result, the cool, heavy air tends to sink and replace warmer, rising air.

After landing at a tower-controlled airport, when should you contact ground control? A. Prior to turning off the runway B. When advised by the tower to do so C. After reaching a taxiway that leads directly to the parking area.

B

Select the actions that you would take to comply with the following ATC clearance: "Cessna 52 Sierra, Runway 17, taxi via Bravo, hold short Runway 26 Right." A. Taxi onto Runway 17 B. Taxi along taxiway Bravo toward Runway 17, stopping at the hold line for Runway 26 Right and waiting for ATC clearance to cross Runway 26 Right. C. Taxi on Runway 17, crossing taxiway Bravo, to Runway 26 Right, stopping at Runway 26 Right until cleared to proceed by ground control.

B

Select the true statement regarding ADS-B system components. A. ADS-B In transmits line-of-sight signals from aircraft to ATC ground receivers and to aircraft receivers. B. ADS-B Out transmits line-of-sight signals from aircraft to ATC ground receivers and to aircraft receivers. C. ADS-B In receives signals from aircraft and displays their lateral position, altitude, and velocity to controllers.

B

Select the true statement regarding Chart Supplements. A. The seven volumes of Chart Supplements are updated every year. B. At faa.gov, you can search for a specific city or airport to obtain Chart Supplement information. C. Each Chart Supplement contains an Airport/Facility Directory, airport diagrams, and sectional charts that cover a specific region.

B

Select the true statement regarding general aviation aircraft communication radios. A. The antennas are usually fin shaped and mounted below the cabin. B. The radios use a portion of the very high frequency (VHF) range from 118.0 MHz to 135.975 MHz. C. The range of transmissions is not limited by obstructions, such as buildings, terrain, or the curvature of the earth.

B

Which is true regarding ATC services? A. ATC assumes responsibility for collision avoidance when issuing a traffic advisory B. ATC issues a safety alert if your airplane is in unsafe proximity to terrain, obstructions, or other aircraft. C. A clearance to operate in Class B airspace relieves you of the responsibility to maintain VFR weather conditions.

B

Which is true regarding the services TRACONs and ARTCCs provide? A. TRACON and ARTCC controllers provide separation between all aircraft. B. TRACON controllers provide traffic advisories, safety alerts, vectoring, and separation between all aircraft in Class B airspace. C. You must obtain a transponder code and departure frequency for flight following when operating at any tower-controlled airport.

B

In what section of a Chart Supplement can you find information about runway incursion hot spots? A. Special Notices B. Associated Data C. Airport Diagrams

C

Select the true statement about the Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs). A. FAR 2-3-9 is a standard way to list a specific regulation B. FAR Part 91 covers the certification of pilots and flight instructors C. The FARs are under subject title 14, Aeronautics and Space in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR).

C

Select the true statement regarding ADS-B services. A. Regulations require CDTI to be a dedicated display. B. An effective range of 250 nautical miles enhances traffic conflict detection and resolution. C. ADS-B provides data to ATC that immediately indicates when an aircraft deviates from its assigned flight path.

C

What is the correct method of stating 10,500 ft MSL to ATC? A. Ten thousand, five hundred B. Ten point five C. One zero thousand, five hundred

C

Which is a true regarding the services that a control tower provides? A. Clearance delivery provides taxi clearances with step-by-step routing to the runway. B. In Class D airspace, tower controllers provide you with separation from other VFR aircraft. C. The ATIS broadcasts of airport advisory information are updated when airport conditions change, when any official weather is received, and at the top of each hour.

C

Using the phonetic alphabet, write out the pronunciation of the following aircraft call sign: Cessna 649SP.

Cessna six four niner Sierra Papa

______ _______ include data that cannot be readily depicted in graphic form on charts. This data applies to public and joint-use airports, seaplane bases, and heliports, as well as navaids and airspace.

Chart Supplements

To increase safety at airports without operating control towers or when the tower is closed, all radio-equipped aircraft should transmit and receive traffic information on a common frequency. You can broadcast your position and intentions to other aircraft in the area on the ______ ________ _________ ___________.

Common Traffic Advisory Frequency

_______ __________, named after the French scientist who first described it in 1835, affects all objects moving freely across the face of the earth. Essentially, things such as ocean currents and airplane flight paths, which would otherwise follow a straight line, end up tracing a curved path due to the earth's rotation.

Coriolis force

Match the following types of breezes with the most appropriate descriptor: Sea Breeze Land Breeze Valley Breeze Mountain Breeze A. Occurs at night as land cools faster than water B. Occurs during the day as the sun warms mountain slopes C. Occurs at night as the high terrain cools (relative to air over the valley) D. Occurs during the day as the sun warms the land

DABC

___________ is the temperature at which air reaches a state in which it can hold no more water. When the dewpoint is reached, the air contains 100% of the moisture it can hold at that temperature, and it is said to be _____________. Relative humidity and dewpoint both relate moisture to temperature. A hot air mass can have a higher humidity, that is absolute amount of water vapor, than a cold air mass, and still have lower relative humidity because that amount of water vapor in the cold air mass is a higher percentage of what it can hold.

Dewpoint saturated

________ _______ ________ are emergency signaling devices to help locate downed aircraft. Required for most general aviation airplanes, these electronic, battery-operated transmitters emit a distinctive audio tone on designated emergency frequencie, typically 243 MHz and 406 MHz.

Emergency Locator Transmitter

___________ is the changing of liquid water to invisible water vapor. As water vapor forms, heat is absorbed form the nearest available source. For example, as perspiration evaporates from your body, you feel cooler because some of your body heat has been absorbed by the water vapor. This heat exchange is known as the latent heat of evaporation. The reverse of evaporation is ____________. It occurs when water vapor changes to a liquid, as when water drops form on a cool glass on a warm day. When condensation takes place, the heat absorbed by water vapor during evaporation is released. The heat released is referred to as the latent heat of condensation, and is an important factor in cloud development. ___________ is the changing of ice directly to water vapor, while the transformation of water vapor to ice is known as _______________. In both cases, the liquid state is bypassed. The changes from ice to water and water to ice are well known to most everyone as _________ and ________, respectively. The heat exchange that occurs during melting and freezing is small--about 15% of the liquid-to-vapor change--and has relatively little effect on weather.

Evaporation condensation Sublimation deposition melting and freezing

(True/False) Advisory circulars provide regulatory guidance for VFR and IFR operations in the National Airspace System.

False

(True/False) After landing and when clear of the active runway, you should set the transponder to STBY or OFF

False

(True/False) Closely spaced isobars on a weather map is an indicator of light surface winds.

False

The ____ ______ contains ____ of ______ ______, which informs pilots of pending regulation changes. The publication of an NPRM allows interested parties enough time to comment on the proposal and present ideas that might influence the final rule. In addition, you often can determine the intent behind a regulation by reviewing the preamble to the final rule.

Federal Register Notices of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM)

You use ______ _______ during each phase of flight from preflight planning to landing at your destination. To play your flight, obtain a weather briefing and notices to airmen (NOTAMs) on the phone at ________________ or online at ________. On this site, you can also use flight plan aids to determine an optimal departure time, altitude, and route. Next, file a flight plan online or by phone. A flight plan provides ________ _________ with essential information, such as your destination, route of flight, time enroute, and the number of people on board. Although not required for flight under VFR, filing a flight plan is strongly recommended so that you receive search and rescue protection. Flight Service also provides adverse condition alerting service (ACAS), which notifies you by test or email if an adverse condition arises after you file a flight plan. During departure, activate your flight plan on ______ MHz or the local Flight Service frequency. You can also use the EasyActivate service--you receive an email 30 minutes prior to the estimated time of departure for your filed VFR flight plan. Click on a link in the email to activate the flight plan. While enroute, a Flight Service briefer can provide you updated weather or assistance if you are lost or in an emergency situation. You are encouraged o provide Flight Service with pilot reports (PIREPs) and reports of ADS-B malfunctions, including TIS-B and FIS-B performance problems. After arriving at your destination, close your flight plan by phone or use the EasyClose service. Click the link in the EasyClose email, which is sent 30 minutes prior to your estimate time of arrival (based on your actual departure time).

Flight Service 1-800-WX-BRIEF 1800wxbrief.com Flight Service 122.2

___________ simply refers to moisture in the air. For example, on warm, muggy days when you perspire freely, the air is said to be humid. ________ ________ is the actual amount of moisture in the air compared to the total amount that could be present at that temperature. It's important to remember that relative humidity tells you nothing about the actual amount of water vapor in the air. For example, at the same 100% relative humidity levels, air at -4 degrees F in Alaska only has about one twentieth of the water vapor as 68 degrees F air in Florida.

Humidity Relative humidity

What does it mean if the sky condition and visibility are absent from the ATIS braodcast?

If the sky condition and visibility are absent from the ATIS broadcast, it means that the visibility is 5 miles or more and the cloud ceiling is 5,000 ft or higher.

Describe how frictional force causes wind to shift near the earth's surface.

In the upper atmosphere, pressure gradient force and Coriolis force cause wind to flow roughly parallel to the isobars. However, within approximately 2,000 ft of the ground, friction caused by the earth's surface slows the movement of air. This reduces the effect of Coriolis force and causes the pressure gradient force to divert the wind toward the lower pressure area.

If your flight takes you to an airport that does not have a tower, an FSS, or a UNICOM, the CTAF is the _____________ frequency of _________ MHz.

MULTICOM 122.9

5 types of NOTAMs:

NOTAM(D) FDC NOTAMs Pointer NOTAMs SAA NOTAMs Military NOTAMs

Explain the differences between NOTAM(D)s and FDC NOTAMs.

NOTAM(D) (distant NOTAM) information is disseminated for all navigational facilities that are part of the US airspace system, and all public use airports, seaplane bases, and heliports listed in the Chart Supplements. FDC NOTAMs, issued by the National Flight Data Center, contain regulatory information, such as TFRs or amendments to aeronautical charts.

Often, changes in flight information are not known far enough in advance to be included in the most recent aeronautical charts or Chart Supplements. _______ to ______ provide time-critical flight planning information regarding a facility, service, procedure, or hazard. Two primary NOTAM types that are important for you to understand to effectively prepare for a flight are NOTAM(D)s and FDC NOTAMs. ___________ information is disseminated for all navigational facilities that are part of the US airspace system, and all public use airports, seaplane bases, and heliports listed in the Chart Supplements. ______ ___, issued by the national Flight Data Center, contain regulatory information, such as TFRs or amendments to aeronautical charts. A Center Area NOTAM is an FDC NOTAM issued for a condition that is not limited to one airport, therefore it is filed under the Air Rout Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) that controls the airspace involved. TFRs, airway changes, and laser light activity are examples of this type of NOTAM. The _______- to _____ ____ is issued every 28 days and contains NOTAM(D) and FDC NOTAMs of a permanent nature as an interim step between publication cycles of the Chart Supplements and aeronautical charts.

Notices to Airmen NOTAM(D)s FDC NOTAMs Notices to Airmen Publication (NTAP)

_______ ______ and _____ _________ work in combination to create wind. Pressure gradient force causes air to move from high pressure areas to low pressure areas. As the air begins to move, Coriolis force deflects it to the right in the northern hemisphere. This results in a clockwise flow around a high pressure area. The deflection continues until pressure gradient force and Coriolis force are in balance, and the wind flows roughly parallel to the isobars. As the air flows into a low pressure are, it moves counterclockwise around the low. This generally holds true for upper air winds. however, within about 2,000 ft of the ground, friction caused by the earth's surface slows the moving air. This _______ ______ reduces the Coriolis force. Because the pressure gradient force is now greater than Coriolis force, the wind is diverted from its path along the isobars toward the lower pressure.

Pressure gradient and Coriolis forces frictional force

________ ______ are mandatory services provided to all aircraft. Controllers warn you if, in their judgement, your airplane is in unsafe proximity to terrain, obstructions, or other aircraft. Keep in mind that safety alerts are contingent upon the capability of the controller to recognize unsafe situations.

Safety alerts

_________ ________ ____________, or the ____ ________ _______ _________ __________ __________, enables ATC to assign a discrete code that you enter on the transponder in your airplane. An interrogator transmits a signal that causes the transponder to reply automatically with a specific coded signal, independent of, and much stronger than the primary radar return. The transponder signal is used to display an identification code, as well as your airplane's altitude and ground speed.

Secondary surveillance radar air traffic control radar beacon system (ATCRBS)

______ ________ and _____ _____ _____ are your primary VFR navigation references and depict topographic information, visual landmarks, and airport data. Updated every six months.

Sectional charts and terminal area charts

___________ provides a safe and orderly flow of arriving aircraft into the traffic pattern. A controller might instruct you to follow other traffic, but that does not authorize you to comply with instructions issued directly to the preceding aircraft, and you are still responsible for flight safety. For example, you must adjust your flight path to avoid wake turbulence.

Sequencing

Describe the lost communication procedure used for landing at a Class D airspace primary airport.

Set your transponder code to 7600. Remain outside or above the Class D airspace until you have determined the direction and flow of traffic. Then, join the airport traffic pattern and maintain visual contact with the tower to receive light signals. In the daytime, acknowledge light signals by rocking your wings, and at night, by blinking your landing or navigation lights.

___________ is the atmosphere's resistance to vertical motion.

Stability

How often must the ELT battery be replaced or recharged if the battery is rechargeable?

The FARs require that the ELT battery must be replaced, or recharged if the battery is rechargeable, after one-half of the battery's useful life or if the transmitter has been used for more than one cumulative hour.

What three factors affect the amount of deflection caused by Coriolis force?

The amount of deflection an object experiences due to Coriolis force is a function of distance traveled, position on the earth's surface (latitude), and speed of the object.

Describe the three limitations of radar.

The limitations of radar include: bending of radar waves (anomalous propagation), which results in ground clutter; reflection of waves by dense objects, such as heavy clouds, precipitation, ground obstacles, or mountains, which can weaken or eliminate the display of targets at a greater range; and screening by high terrain, which obstructs relatively low-altitude aircraft

________ ___________ alert you to air traffic relevant to your flight, but you are still responsible for collision avoidance. Inform the controller that you are "looking for traffic," "negative contact" or "traffic in sight" as the case may be.

Traffic advisories

Which layer of the atmosphere contains most of the earth's weather?

Troposphere

An aeronautical advisory station, or ____________ is a privately owned air/ground communication station that transmits on a limited number of frequencies--122.7, 122.725, 122.8, 122.975, or 123.0. Announcing your position and intentions is standard procedure at airports where the designated CTAF is a UNICOM. You can also request an airport advisory from the UNICOM operator. Advisories usually include wind direction and speed, favored runway, and known traffic. Because UNICOMs are privately operated, you can also request other information or services, such as refueling.

UNICOM

What is the primary cause of changing altimeter settings between weather reporting points?

Unequal heating of the earth's surface

List the standard transponder codes to use for VFR flight, hijacking, communication failure, and emergencies.

VFR-1200 Hijacking-7500 Communication Failure-7600 Emergency-7700

___________ provide navigational guidance on an advisory basis only. The controller might vector you for safety reasons or you might request a vector if you are unfamiliar with the area. When being vectored, flight safety remains your responsibility. For example, advise the controller if the vector will cause you to enter IFR conditions.

Vectors

Air that moves upward expands due to lower atmospheric pressure. When air moves downward, it is compressed by the increased pressure at lower altitudes. As the pressure of a given portion of air changes, so does its temperature. The temperature change is caused by a process known as __________ ________ or ______ _______, which is a change in the temperature of dry air during expansion or compression.

adiabatic heating adiabatic cooling

The FAA issues _____ _______ to provide nonregulatory guidance and information in a variety of subject areas. ACs also explain methods for complying with the FARs. Unless incorporated into a regulation by reference, the contents of an AC are not binding.

advisory circulars (ACs)

While enroute, ______ ________ ________ __________ __________ are the facilities that provide flight following. The primary purpose of ARTCCs is to manage IFR traffic. However, depending on workload, these centers may also provide services to VFR pilots. If you requested flight following on the ground, the departure controller will direct you to contact the controlling center on a specific frequency. Because of their extensive coverage, centers can also provide assistance if you become lost or disoriented.

air route traffic control centers (ARTCCs)

An _______ ______ __________ _________ is an authorization by ATC for you to proceed under specified traffic conditions within controlled airspace.

air traffic control clearance

The ________ is a remarkable mixture of life-giving gases surrounding our planet. Although this protective blanket is essential to life on earth, it is extraordinarily thin--nearly 99% of the atmosphere exists within ____ km of the surface.

atmosphere 30

The __________ __________ ___________-___________ system incorporates GPS, aircraft transmitters and receivers, and ground stations to provide pilots and ATC with specific data about the position and speed of aircraft. Two forms of ADS-B equipment apply to aircraft--ADS-B ______ and ADS-B ______. ADS-B ______ signals travel line of isght from transmitting aircraft to ATC ground receivers and aircraft receivers. In order to receive the signal and display traffic information in your aircraft, you must also have ADS-B ____ capability.

automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) Out In Out In

Radar limitations include the ________, ________, and __________ of radio waves.

bending, reflecting, and screening

Atmospheric ___________ may be considered simply to be the movement of air relative to the earth's surface. Because the atmosphere is fixed to the earth by gravity and rotates with the earth, there would be no circulation without forces that upset the atmosphere's equilibrium. The dynamic nature of the atmosphere is due, in large part, to unequal temperatures at the earth's surface.

circulation

At busy airports, ______ ________ issues IFR clearances and also might provide VFR aircraft with departure instructions and transponder codes to improve traffic coordination. When you are ready to taxi, contact ________ ________ to obtain your clearance to taxi to the runway. You must have clearance to operate in movement areas--runways and taxiways that are not part of loading ramps or parking areas. After reaching the runway, the tower controller clears you for takeoff.

clearance delivery ground control

If you are lost, keep in mind, the five C's--_____, _______, ______, ________, and _______. _____ for better radio and navaid reception, as well as increased radar coverage. ________ with any nearby facility using frequencies on your secitonal chart or another flight information source. ______ that you are lost when contacting ATC or another ground facility, and if your situation is threatening, clearly explain your problem, using the emergency frequency 121.5 MHz, if necessary. Then, ________ with assistance instructions, and consider reducing your power setting to _____ fuel. In addition, ensure that the mixture is leaned properly to extend your range and endurance.

climb, communicate, confess, comply, and conserve Climb Communicate Confess comply conserve

Aircraft equipped with ADS-B In receive traffic data from other ADS-B aircraft on a _______ __________ of _______ _________ (CDTI), which can be a dedicated display or integrated into an existing display, such as a GPS moving map or multi-function display (MFD).

cockpit display of traffic information

A _______ ________ provides services in the terminal area. Prior to flight from an airport with an operating control tower, you typically listen to the broadcast of ________ ________ _________ ___________ to obtain airport advisory information. ATIS is updated when airport conditions change, when any official weather is received, and normally at the top of each hour. If the sky condition and visibility are absent from the broadcast, it means that the visibility is ___ miles or more and the cloud ceiling is _________ ft or higher.

control tower automatic terminal information service (ATIS) 5 5000

To compensate for heating inequities, heat is transported, or circulated, from one latitude to another. When air is heated, its molecules spread apart. As the air expands, it becomes less dense and lighter than the surrounding air. As air cools, the molecules become packed more closely together, making it denser and heavier than warm air. As a result, the cool, heavy air tends to sink and replace warmer, rising air. This circulation process is known as __________.

convection

Air that is both _________ and ________ resists vertical movement and is very stable.

cool and dry

Because a flight might cross several time zones, estimating the arrival time at your destination using only the local time at the departure airport would be confusing. To overcome this problem, aviation uses the 24-hour clock system, along with an international standard called ________ _________ __________. The 24 hour clock eliminates the need for am and pm designations because the 24 hours of the day are numbered consecutively. Coordinated universal time, which is referred to as ________ ________ in aviation, places the entire world on one time standard. In the United States, you ______ hours to convert local time to Zulu time and, to convert Zulu time to local time, you _______ hours. To convert from Eastern Standard Time to Zulu time: add ___ hours

coordinated universal time Zulu time add subtract 5

After takeoff, contact _______ ________ and a controller will advise if you are in radar contact. The term _______ ________ is used by ATC to inform you that your airplane has been identified using an approved ATC surveillance source on a controller's display and that flight following will be provided until radar service is terminated.

departure control radar contact

When warm, moist air begins to rise in a convective current, clouds often form at the altitude where its temperature and _________ reach the same value.

dewpoint

An emergency can be either a distress or an urgency condition. The AIM defines _________ as a condition of being threatened by serious or imminent danger and requiring immediate assistance, such as fire, mechanical failure, or structural failure. You are experiencing an ___________ situation the moment you become doubtful about your position, fuel endurance, weather, or any other condition that could adversely affect flight safety. If you become apprehensive about your safety for any reason, you should request assistance immediately. Do not wait until the situation has developed into a distress condition. The frequency of _______ MHz is used across the United States for transmitting emergency messages. Although range is limited to line-of-sight, ______ MHz is guarded (or listened to) by military towers, most civil towers, Flight Service, and radar facilities. In a distress situation, using the word _______ radio silence on the frequency in use. When you hear the words _______, the urgency situation in progress has priority over all other communication and warns other stations not to interfere with these transmissions.

distress urgency 121.5 121.5 MAYDAY PAN-PAN

ATC and pilots also can use ADS-B to monitor aircraft surface movement. You can use this feature to increase situational awareness while taxiing and reduce the risk of runway incursion. In addition to traffic data, ADS-B can provide _________ _________ _______-_______ to suitably equipped aircraft. FIS-B delivers a broad range of textual and graphical weather products, as well as other flight information, such as the location of temporary flight restrictions (TFRs) and special use airspace (SUA) status.

flight information service-broadcast

The unequal heating of the surface not only modifies air density and creates circulation patterns, it also causes changes in pressure. This is one of the main reasons for differences in altimeter settings between weather reporting stations. Meteorologists plot these pressure readings on weather maps and connect points of equal pressure with lines called __________. __________ are labeled in millibars and are usually drawn at four-millibar intervals. The resulting pattern reveals the _________ _________, or change in pressure over distance. When isobars are spread widely apart, the gradient is considered to be weak, while closely spaced isobars indicate a strong gradient. Isobars also help to identify pressure systems, which are classified as highs, lows, ridges, trough, and cols. A _______ is a high pressure center surrounded on all sides by lower sea-level pressure. Conversely, a ______, is a low pressure center surrounded by higher pressure. A ____________ is an elongated area of high pressure, while a ______ is an elongated area of low pressure. A _______ can designate either a neutral area between two highs and two lows, or the intersection of a ridge and a trough. Air generally flows from the cool, dense air of highs into the warm, less dense air of lows. The speed of the resulting wind depends on the strength of the pressure gradient. A strong gradients tends to produce strong wind, while a weak gradient results in lighter winds. The force behind this movement is caused by the pressure gradient and is referred to as pressure gradient force. If _______ _______ ___________ were the only force affecting the movement of air, wind would always blow directly from the higher pressure area to the lower pressure area. However, as soon as the air begins to move, it is deflected by a phenomenon known as Coriolis force.

isobars Isobars pressure gradient high low ridge trough col pressure gradient force

Technically, any downslope wind can be classified as a ____________ _________. However, in many cases, the term katabatic is used to refer to downwind flows that are stronger than mountain breezes. Katabatic winds can be either warm or cold and some are even given special names in areas where they are particularly severe.

katabatic wind

At night, land cools faster than water, and a _____ ______ blows from the cooler land to the warmer water. The pressure gradients are a reversal of what occurs during the day, however, because the temperature contrasts are smaller at night, the land breeze is generally weaker than the sea breeze. The land breeze can reach an altitude of _______ to ________ ft AGL and extend between 5 and 100 nautical miles inland, depending on the conditions and the location.

land breeze 1,000 to 2,000

The adiabatic process takes place in all upward and downward moving air. When air rises into an area of lower pressure, it expands to a larger volume. As the molecules of air expand, the temperature of the air lowers. As a result, when a parcel of air rises, pressure decreases, volume increases, and temperature decreases. When air descends, the opposite is true. The rate at which temperature decreases with an increase in altitude is referred to as its _____ _______. As you ascend through the atmosphere, the average rate of temperature change is ____ degrees C per 1,000 ft.

lapse rate 2

The range of VHF transmissions is limited to _______ of ______, which means that obstructions such as buildings, terrain, or the curvature of the earth block the radio waves.

line of sight

As you are aware, establishing two-way radio communication with the control tower is required before you enter Class D airspace. If your communication radios become inoperative, it is still possible to land at an airport with an operating control tower by following _______ ________ _________. If you believe that your radio has failed, set your transponder to code 7600. If you are in an area of radar coverage, the code 7600 will alert ATC of your radio failure. If neither your transmitter nor your receiver is working, you need to remain outside or above the Class D airspace until you have determined the direction and flow of traffic. Then, join the airport traffic pattern and maintain visual contact with the tower to receive light signals. During the daytime, you should acknowledge tower transmission or light signals by ________ your wings and at night by blinking your _____ ____ or _______ _________. Steady _______ -On the ground: cleared for takeoff -In Flight: Cleared to land Flashing _________ -On the Ground: Cleared to taxi -In Flight: Return for landing Steady ______ -On the Ground: Stop -In Flight: Give way to other aircraft and continue circling Flashing _______ -On the Ground: Taxi clear of landing area in use -In Flight: Airport Unsafe--do not land Flashing ________ -On the Ground: Return to starting point on airport Alternating ____ and _______ -On the Ground: Exercise extreme caution -In Flight: Exercise extreme caution

lost communication procedures rocking landing lights or navigation light green green red red white red and green

At night, the high terrain cools off and eventually becomes cooler than the air over the valley. The pressure gradient reverses and a downslope flow, or ________ _________ develops. Prior to sunrise, speeds of 5 to 15 knots are common with greater speeds at the mouth of the valley, sometimes exceeding 25 knots.

mountain breeze

When you state radio frequencies, the decimal is pronounced as "______," but the decimal is dropped when you state an altimeter setting.

point

At unfamiliar airports, you can request a ________ ________ for a controller to provide you with precise taxi instructions or direct you in stages as you proceed.

progressive taxi

In addition to ADS-B, ATC uses ________ to monitor aircraft--a ground-based synchronized radio transmitter and receiver emits and detects radio waves using a rotating antenna.

radar

During the day, a low-level sea breeze flows from sea to land due to the pressure gradient from the temperature differential between the land and the water. The temperature differential exists because land surfaces warm more rapidly than water surfaces so the land is usually warmer than water during the day. The ____ _______ is a wind that blows from the cool water to warmer land. As afternoon heating increases, the sea breeze can reach speeds of 10 to 20 knots. A well-developed sea breeze exists between ________ and ______ ft AGL. A return flow forms above

sea breeze 1,500 to 3,000

The ____-________ _________ is broadcasting your position or intended flight activity or ground operation on the designated CTAF. Although some procedures might be unique to a specific airport or facility, you should be familiar with the general recommended CTAF procedures. When using a CTAF, make your initial call when you are _____ miles from the airport. You should also report entering the downwind, base, and final legs of the traffic pattern, and when exiting the runway. During departure, you should monitor and communicate on the CTAF from the time you start the engine, during taxi, and until ____ miles from the airport unless the FARs or local procedures require otherwise.

self-announce procedure 10 10

ATC provides you with _________ from both IFR and VFR in Class B airspace, and from IFR aircraft in Class C airspace. You must obtain clearance to enter and operate within Class B airspace.

separation

When temperature increases with altitude, a ________ _________ exists. Below the ________ visibility is often restricted.

temperature inversion inversion

A network of facilities across the United States uses the ADS-B system and radar equipment to provide ATC services to both IFR and VFR aircraft. A _________ ______ ___ ________ provides services in the terminal area of airports typically in Class B, Class C, or TRSA airspace. A TRACON can be combined with a control tower or it can be a separate facility. At airports that are not in Class B or C airspace, you can request optional _________ _________--a service to alert you to relevant traffic--by obtaining the appropriate frequency from the control tower, Flight Service, or airport information sources.

terminal radar approach control flight following

The ADS-B system displays aircraft with transponders that are not ADS-B equipped using the ________ ________ ________-___________.

traffic information service-broadcast

Both ADS-B and radar systems use your airplane's ________ to provide precise information, such as your airplane's altitude and speed. Although the appearance of controls and displays vary, most transponders have the same general features.

transponder

The _________ is the layer extending from the surface to an average altitude of about 36,000 feet. Above it is the ________--a level, not a layer--which acts as a lid to confine most of the water vapor, and the associated weather, to the troposphere. The tropopause is ______ near the poles and in the winter; it is _________ near the equator and in the summer. Above the tropopause are three more atmospheric layers. The first is the ___________, which has much the same composition as the troposphere and extends to a height of approximately 160,000 ft. Above the stratosphere are the _________ and _____________, which have little practical influence over weather.

troposphere tropopause lower higher stratosphere mesosphere thermosphere

As mountain slopes are warmed by the sun during the day, the adjacent air also is heated. Because the heated air is less dense than the air at the same altitude over the valley, an upslope flow known as a ________ ________ is created. Typical valley breezes reach speeds of between 5 and 20 knots with the maximum winds occurring a few hundred feet above the surface.

valley breeze

General aviation communication radios use a portion of the ____ _____ ______ range, which includes the frequencies between ______ MHz and ________ MHz. To receive full ATC services, a ______-channel transceiver is a necessity, particularly in busy terminal areas. Because communication radios usually combine a transmitter and receiver, they are called ____________.

very high frequency 118.0 and 135.975 720 transceivers

The greatest instability occurs when the air is both _______ and ________.

warm and moist