Chapter 5 immune system diseases and disorders
Rheumatic fever usually occurs how long after infection?
1-4 weeks
AIDS is diagnosed when the T-cell count drops below
200 cells per microliter
Approximately how many adults have asthma?
25 million
What cells are responsible for humoral immunity? a. B lymphocytes b. T lymphocytes c. Granulocytes d. Antibodies
A
How are autoimmune disorders diagnosed?
A collection of tests and careful assessment of signs and symptoms are required.
What test will indicate the formation of antibodies on the red blood cell?
A coombs test
Immunodeficiency
A disorder in which the ability of an immune system to protect against pathogens is defective or absent.
What is the most important test for diagnosing allergies?
A skin test
The common triggers for non-allergic asthma are stress related. a. True b. False
A. true
What blood type is the universal recipient?
AB
What is status asthmaticus?
An acute exacerbation of asthma that does not respond to standard treatments of bronchodilators and steroids and lasts for several days
What are some common drugs for immune disorders?
Antihistamines, anti-inflammatories, antipyretics/analgesics, antivirals, bronchodilators, Immunosuppressants.
The presence of a persistent, red, facial butterfly-shaped rash across the bridge of the nose and cheeks is a classic sign of which disorder? a. Myasthenia gravis b. Lupus erythematosus c. Rheumatic fever d. SCID
B
Lymphocytes are formed in the bone marrow, those that remain and mature in the bone marrow are called?
B lymphocytes
A severe attack that is quickly controlled is called status asthmaticus. a. True b. False
B. false
Which of the following is considered a hypersensitivity disorder? a. Rheumatoid arthritis b. Scleroderma c. Urticaria d. Myasthenia gravis
C
What are the most common food allergies?
Chocolate and shellfish
How is asthma diagnosed?
Clinically and or lung function testing
The _____________ patchItem 1 test indicates the formation of antibodies on the red blood cell
Coombs test
Stress hormones that suppress after laughter?
Cortisol and epinephrine
What disease causes a blood vessel cancer that causes reddish-purple skin lesions? a. Urticaria b. Cytotoxic c. Pneumocystis carinii d. Kaposi's sarcoma
D
Which of the following is a reaction in the mucous membranes of the nose and upper respiratory tract to an allergen? a. Anaphylaxis b. Urticaria c. Asthma d. Hay fever
D
What are some treatments to allergens?
Desensitization, antihistamine medications and avoiding exposure to the allergen
What is Raynaud's phenomenon?
Episodic vasospastic disorder of small cutaneous arteries, most frequently involving the fingers and toes.
Who has asthma more than others in males and females?
Females adult women, twice as often as males
What allergy is considered to be the leading cause of anaphylaxis outside of the hospital?
Food allergies
What are common reactions to allergies?
Hay fever, asthma, urticaria, and contact dermatitis
Diseases of the immune system can be divided into two main groups of?
Hypersensitivity disorders and immune deficiency disorders
medications must be taken prior to transplantation surgery and for the remainder of the organ recipient's life.
Immunosuppressive medications
What is the Etiology of rheumatic fever
In some it is from a group A streptococcal infection or strep throat
What are some types of skin tests?
Intradermal injection, skin patch test, scratch test
What are the major cells of the immune system?
Lymphocytes and they arise and develop in the primary organs
What blood type is the universal donor?
O
What is erythroblastosis fetalis?
Occurs when a pregnant mother's Rh negative antibodies cross the placenta and attack the RBCs of her unborn child.
The polymorphonuclear leukocytes are also known as
PMN's and also also known as granulocytes
The lymphocytes that travel to the thymus gland for maturation are called
T lymphocytes
types of lymphocytes
T lymphocytes (T cells) (Cell-mediated immunity) B lymphocytes (B cells) (Humoral immunity) Plasma cells (antibody production)
symptoms of scleroderma
Tightening of skin on face and hands Malabsorption Raynaud's Disease
Non Seasonal hay fever can be the result of house dust, pet dander, or food allergies T/F
True
RBCs do not cross the placenta. a. True b. False
True
T/F SLE primarily affects women, occurring 10 times more frequently than in men and onset is usually between ages 30 and 40 but can appear at any age?
True
T/F In some cases, a patient's concern can be considered as both a symptom and a sign?
True, and it is called an objective or observable symptom.
What are antihistamines used for?
Used to reduce the symptoms from allergies carbinoxamine or levocabastine
Asthma is
a chronic allergic condition also known as bronchial asthma and it effects 5-10% of children
What is Scleroderma?
a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by hardening, thickening, and shrinking of the connective tissues of the body and skin
Isoimmune
a high level of a specific antibody as a result of antigen stimulation from the red blood cells of another individual; isoimmunization may occur when an Rh-negative person is treated with a transfusion of Rh-positive blood.
The etiology of an allergy is
acquired hypersensitivity (the subsequent or repeated exposure leads to a reaction
What is the most prevalent type of hypersensitivity problem?
allergies
What is contact dermatitis?
an acute or chronic allergic reaction affecting the skin
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of connective tissue, joint tissue is primarily affected, but any connective tissue of the body might be involved
What is the etiology of SLE?
an autoimmune disorder in which B lymphocytes produce autoantibodies that attack body cells
Anaphylaxis
an immediate allergic reaction characterized by contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries, leading to severe respiratory distress or failure.
What is rheumatic fever?
an inflammatory disease that can affect the heart, joints, and skin
Hypersensitivity disorders are the result of
an overreaction of the immune system to an antigen or allergen
_____________ on the RBCs give each type of cell a special identity.
antigens
Specific immune response is associated with?
antigens and the antibody reaction
What do PMNs do?
are active in the inflammatory process Engulf and kill invading pathogen.
What are autoimmune disorders?
are hypersensitivities in which the body fails to recognize its own antigens or self-antigen
What is the leading cause of chronic illness in childhood?
asthma
Myashtenia can be classified as?
autoimmune, musculoskeletal, or neurologic disease because it has characteristics of problems in each of these systems
Monocytes Function
become macrophages ( phagocytosis)
What is the etiology of diabetes type 1?
believed to be caused by an autoimmune disorder triggered by a viral infection including rubella, mumps and influenza.
How are hypersensitivities to transfused blood cells identified?
by blood count indication low levels of red cells, white cells, and platelets
How are immunodeficiency disorders diagnosed?
by blood testing that reveals low white cell counts, specifical b and T lymphocytes, or a presence of an antibody in the blood against a causative pathogen.
Macrophages Function
carry on phagocytosis
What is Myasthenia Gravis?
characterized by severe muscle fatigue
What is a example of delayed response to an allergen?
contact dermatitis
Symptoms of allergies?
coughing, sneezing, wheezing, and nasal congestion, redness, heat, swelling and itching
What can rheumatic fever lead to?
damage to the heart valves --> rheumatic heart disease --> congestive heart failure
A coombs test can be used to?
determine blood type and diagnose certain hemolytic anemias, it can also indicate the presence of maternal antibodies against the fetal blood type, as occurs in erythroblastosis fetalis
The two types of lupus erythematosus are cutaneous or ______.
diffuse
What are some of the more common allergens?
dust, pet hair, chocolate, ragweed, cigarette smoke, pollen, seafood, nickel, plants, paints, dyes, and chemical cleaners.
An isoimmune disorder also known as hemolytic disease of the newborn is
erythroblastosis fetalis
The immune system is important in preserving the body's immunity by eliminating tumors that produce antigens. a. True b. False
false
What are the secondary organs of the immune system responsible for?
filtering foreign substances and providing the space for antigen reactions
erythroblastosis fetalis is also known as?
hemolytic disease of the newborn
Urticaria
hives
Urticaria is also called?
hives or nettle rash because it is a vascular reaction of the skin caused by contact with an external irritant
Organ rejection might be?
hyperacute, acute, or chronic rejection
Allergy is an acquired
hypersensitivity
What is an isoimmune disorder?
hypersensitivity of one individual to another individual's tissues Ex blood transfusion, Erythroblastosis fetalis, organ rejection
Who is SLE more severe for?
individuals of african descent
What is Lupus Erythematosus?
inflammatory, autoimmune disease with cutaneous manifestations
What is natural resistance?
is the inherited immunity the individual may possess dir to race, species, or ethnic background
What is Sclerodermas etiology?
it is thought that this autoimmune reaction begins with the skin and connective tissues, attracting lymph cells.
The cells of the immune system include four types of
leukocytes
What organs can easily by transplanted?
liver, kidney, heart and lungs
What are some common symptoms to allergic reactions?
local or systemic inflammatory response, redness, heat, swelling and itching, respiratory symptoms, runny nose, coughing, sneezing, and nasal congestion
What are the secondary organs of the immune system?
lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, liver and tonsils and adenoids, skin and appendix and peyer's patches
What are the major players in the immune response?
lymphocytes
What is active natural immunity?
natural exposure to an antigen ex having the disease like mumps
Types of PMN's
neutrophils ( phagocytosis) basophils (Histamine release) eosinophils (Allergic response)
What is the bodies first line of defense when the immune system is considered?
nonspecific immune response including inflammation, phagocytosis, and physical barriers like skin and mucous membrane, and chemical barriers (acid and other secretions)
Diagnosis of Myasthenia gravis
onset is slow and commonly affect the facial muscles first leading to diplopia (double vision), ptosis (drooping eyelids), dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), dysphonia (difficulty talking), and difficulty with facial expressions. Fatigue of all voluntary muscles.
The cells of the immune system include four types of leukocytes:
polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes
corticosteroids
powerful anti-inflammatory hormones.
What is active artificial immunity?
receiving a vaccination such as MMR
Where are lymphocytes produced?
red bone marrow
What are some Autoimmune disorders?
rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis, type 1 diabetes, lupus erythematosus, and scleroderma and many others
What is passive immunity?
short term immunity using antibodies produced outside the body ( injection of antibodies)
When do PMN's react
some react when infection threatens the body and others respond to prevent damage to cells and tissues from allergic reaction
Prophylactic
something that works to prevent.
Bronchospasm
spasmodic contraction of the bronchi
What are two types of immune responses in the body?
specific and non specific
Allergens
substances that activate the immune system
What is SLE?
systemic lupus erythematosus
What do the monocytes and macrophages do?
the become phagocytic in the presence of pathogens and foreign substances
Self-antigen
the body's own antigen
What is the etiology of organ rejection?
the immune system recognizes the transplanted tissue as foreign and attacks it
Streptococcal
the organism Streptococcus; an anaerobic, gram-positive bacteria
What are immunosuppressants used for?
they suppress or weaken the immune system: often used to prevent rejection in patients with transplants Azathioprine, cyclosporine, Mycophenolate acid, or prednisone
What is anaphylaxis and how is it treated?
this is a severe allergic response to an allergen, often leading to anaphylactic shock Treatment may include; epinephrine, antihistamines, and corticosteroids, and in extreme cases tracheostomy or endotracheal intubation with ventilation
What are the primary organs of the immune system?
thymus gland and bone marrow
What are antipyretics/analgesics used for?
to reduce fever and pain acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen
What are anti-inflammatory drugs used for?
to reduce inflammation, steroid and nonsteroidal hydrocortisone, beclomethasone, or amcinonide (steroids) or aspirin, ibuprofen (non-steroidal)
What are Antivirals used for?
to stop the action of the virus Acyclovir, imiquimod or cidofovir
What is the etiology of Myasthenia Gravis?
transmission of nerve signals to muscle at the neuromuscular junction with no nerve or muscle tissue damage, due to antibodies attacking the muscle receptors, blocking transmission by acetylcholine leading to weak muscles and fatigue
T cells are responsible for the cell-mediated response. a. True b. False
true
What is the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis?
unknown
Classic clinical problem with immune deficiency disorders is the development of
unusual and sever infections such as pneumonia, meningitis, or septicemia to name a few
What are bronchodilators used for?
used to improve breathing Albuterol, aminophylline, epinephrine, theophylline, or salmeterol
When is an allergy to an antigen positive in a skin test?
when there is an inflammatory response or wheal occurs at the injection site
Is diabetes mellitus considered hereditary in nature?
yes, because individual genetically inherit the HLAs of the pancreas
