Chapter 5 Integumentary System (Check Points & Review Questions )
What is the function of the arrector pili muscles?
. These smooth muscles cause hairs to stand erect when stimulated.
True or False Because nail tissue is dead, nails cannot indicate metabolic changes or diseases in the body.
False
True or False- Ceruminous glands are modified sebaceous glands in the ear canal, where they produce earwax.
False
Why does swimming in fresh water for an extended period cause epidermal swelling?
Fresh water is hypotonic with respect to skin cells, so water moves into the cells by osmosis, causing them to swell.
Why does the skin of a fair-skinned person appear red during exercise in hot weather?
When skin gets warm, arriving oxygenated blood is diverted to the superficial dermis for the purpose of eliminating heat. The oxygenated blood imparts a reddish coloration to the skin.
Which of the following can you find within the dermis? lymphatics blood vessels nerve fibers all of the above
all of the above
Yellowing of the fingernails occurs in patients who have ________. chronic respiratory disorders thyroid gland disorders AIDS all of the above
all of the above
When the body temperature becomes abnormally high, thermoregulatory homeostasis is maintained by ________.
an increase in sweat gland activity and an increase in blood flow to the skin
Deodorants are used to mask the effects of secretions from which type of skin gland?
apocrine sweat gland secretions, which contain several kinds of organic compounds; some of these compounds have an odor, and others produce an odor when metabolized by skin bacteria.
Name the two pigments contained in the epidermis.
are carotene, an orange-yellow pigment, and melanin, a brown, yellow-brown, or black pigment.
Nails, sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands __________.
are epidermal derivatives
Apocrine sweat glands __________.
are found in the armpits, groin, and around the nipples
What are the primary tissues composing the hypodermis?
areolar and adipose
Special smooth muscles in the dermis that, when contracted, produce "goose bumps" are called ________.
arrector pili
Beginning at the basement membrane and traveling toward the free surface, the epidermis includes the following layers: (a) corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale. (b) granulosum, lucidum, spinosum, basale, corneum. (c) basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum. (d) lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale, corneum.
basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum.
Why can skin regenerate effectively even after considerable damage?
because stem cells persist in both the epithelial and connective tissue components of skin. When injury occurs, cells of the stratum basale replace epithelial cells while mesenchymal cells replace cells lost from the dermis.
What are the four stages in the regeneration of skin, in the correct order?
bleeding, scab formation, fibroblast activity (regeneration), and scab shedding
The cutaneous plexus and papillary plexus consist of (a) blood vessels providing the dermal blood supply. (b) a network of nerves providing dermal sensations. (c) specialized cells for cutaneous sensations. (d) gland cells that release cutaneous secretions.
blood vessels providing the dermal blood supply.
Apocrine sweat glands can be controlled by (a) the autonomic nervous system. (b) regional control mechanisms. (c) the endocrine system. (d) both a and c.
both a and c.
Melanin is __________.
brown-black pigment
When ruptured dermal blood vessels leak into the dermis, a ________ may form.
bruise
Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation (a) can result in increased numbers of melanocytes forming in the skin. (b) can result in decreased melanin production in melanocytes. (c) can cause destruction of vitamin D3. (d) can result in damage to the DNA of cells in the stratum basale. (e) has no effect on the skin cells.
can result in damage to the DNA of cells in the stratum basale.
Which of the following glands produces earwax?
ceruminous glands
What are the two basic factors interacting to produce skin color?
circulatory supply and pigment concentration and composition
A hair at the end of the growth cycle is called ________.
club hair
The body of the nail __________.
consists of dead, tightly compacted cells
Skin exposure to small amounts of ultraviolet radiation serves to ________.
convert a steroid related to cholesterol into vitamin D
When the skin is deprived of blood flow and oxygen, it takes on a bluish coloration called ________.
cyanosis
Psoriasis is a skin disorder in which there is abnormal increased mitotic activity in the ________.
stratum germinativum
Your fingerprints are the external manifestation of dips and ridges characteristic of which layer?
stratum germinativum
In which layers of the epidermis do mitotic divisions occur?
stratum germinativum and stratum spinosum
A splinter that penetrates to the third layer of the epidermis of the palm is lodged in which layer?
stratum granulosum
Which epidermal layer is only found in thick skin?
stratum lucidum
The root hair plexus __________.
surrounds the base of each hair
Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the skin? synthesis of B vitamins detection of sensory information maintenance of normal body temperatures excretions of salts, organic wastes, and water
synthesis of B vitamins
Because fresh water is hypotonic to body fluids, sitting in a freshwater bath causes ________.
water to enter the epidermis and cause the epithelial cells to swell
In which layer of the epidermis would you find melanocytes?
stratum germinativum
Which of the following are benign tumors that occur in the skin?
warts
In some cultures, women must be covered completely, except for their eyes, when they go outside. Explain why these women may develop bone problems later in life.
. Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is needed to form strong bones and teeth. When the body surface is covered, UV light cannot penetrate to the stratum basale in the skin to begin vitamin D3, production, resulting in fragile bones.
Approximately how long does it take for a cell to move from the stratum germinativum to the stratum corneum?
15-30 days
Describe the location of the dermis
A connective tissue layer that lies between the epidermis and the hypodermis
Why are lines of cleavage clinically significant?
A cut parallel to a cleavage line will remain closed.
Sensible perspiration released by the eccrine sweat glands serves to ________. cool the surface of the skin reduce body temperature dilute harmful chemicals All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Which type of skin gland is most affected by the hormonal changes that occur during puberty?
Apocrine sweat glands enlarge and increase secretory activity in response to the increase in sex hormones that occurs at puberty
Older individuals do not tolerate the summer heat as well as when they were young, and they are more prone to heat-related illness. What accounts for these changes?
As a person ages, the blood supply to the dermis decreases and merocrine sweat glands become less active. These changes make it more difficult for the elderly to cool themselves in hot weather.
Which of the following statements describes the immediate response by the skin to an injury?
Bleeding occurs, and mast cells trigger an inflammatory response.
What widespread effects does epidermal growth factor (EGF) have on the integument?
Epidermal growth factor promotes the divisions of basal cells in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum; accelerates the production of keratin in differentiating epidermal cells; stimulates both epidermal development and epidermal repair after injury; and stimulates synthetic activity and secretion by epithelial glands.
Once a burn on the forearm that destroys the epidermis and extensive areas of the deep dermis heals, will hair grow again in the affected area?
Even though hair is a derivative of the epidermis, the follicles are in the dermis. Where the epidermis and deep dermis are destroyed, new hair will not grow.
How do third-degree burns differ from first- and second-degree burns?
In a third-degree burn, the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis are destroyed.
What is the relationship between sunlight exposure and vitamin D3 synthesis.
In the presence of ultraviolet radiation in sunlight, epidermal cells in the stratum spinosum and stratum basale convert a cholesterol-related steroid into cholecalciferol, or vitamin D3.
What substance makes fingernails hard?
Keratin
A decrease in the number of ________ leads to increased damage and infection associated with age.
Langerhans cells
The peptide that is secreted by the pituitary gland and increases the rate of melanin production is ________.
MSH
Which of the following sensory cells are located in the epidermis?
Merkel, or tactile, discs
Where does nail growth occur?
Nail growth occurs at the nail root, an epidermal fold that is not visible from the surface
List the four stages in the regeneration of the skin after an injury.
Regeneration of injured skin involves (1) bleeding, (2) scab formation, (3) granulation tissue formation, and (4) scarring.
Name the sources of epidermal growth factor in the body.
Salivary glands and duodenal glands produce epidermal growth factor (EGF).
Some criminals sand the tips of their fingers so as not to leave recognizable fingerprints. Would this practice permanently remove fingerprints? Why or why not?
Sanding the tips of the fingers will not permanently remove fingerprints. The ridges of the fingerprints are formed in layers of the skin that are constantly regenerated, so these ridges will eventually reappear. The pattern of the ridges is determined by the arrangement of tissue in the dermis, which is not affected by sanding.
Why are malignant melanomas extremely dangerous and life threatening?
The melanocytes grow rapidly and metastasize through the lymphatic system.
What accounts for the ability of the dermis to undergo repeated stretching?
The presence of elastic fibers and the resilience of skin turgor allow the dermis to undergo repeated cycles of stretching and recoil (returning to its original shape).
Why does hair turn white or gray with age?
With advancing age, melanocyte activity decreases, leading to gray or white hair.
Sagging and wrinkling of the integument is due to ________.
a decrease in the elastic fiber network of the dermis
A thick, flattened mass of scar tissue that grows into the tissue around an injury site is called ________.
a keloid
The hypodermis is useful for subcutaneous injection by hypodermic needle because it has ________.
a limited number of capillaries and no vital organs
The hypodermis is useful for subcutaneous injection by hypodermic needle because it has ________. a large number of sensory receptors a large number of lamellated corpuscles a limited number of capillaries and no vital organs all of the
a limited number of capillaries and no vital organs
Describe a typical strand of hair.
a typical hair is a keratinous strand produced by epithelial cells of the hair follicle
Nail production occurs at an epithelial fold NOT visible from the surface called the ________.
nail root
What condition causes inflammation in the papillary layer when a part of the skin is exposed to infection or an irritant?
dermatitis
The reduction in sebum production due to aging can lead to __________.
dry and scaly skin
The stratum corneum of the nail root, which extends over the exposed nail, is called the (a) hyponychium . (b) eponychium. (c) lunula. (d) cerumen.
eponychium.
The protective scab that forms over an injury consists of __________.
fibrin
The layers of the epidermis, beginning with the deepest layer and proceeding outward, include the strata ________.
germinativum, spinosum, granulosum, corneum
What term describes the combination of fibrin clots, fibroblasts, and the extensive network of capillaries in healing tissue?
granulation tissue.
Accessory structures of the skin include the ________.
hair follicles and the sebaceous and sweat glands
The accessory structures of the integument include the (a) blood vessels, glands, muscles, and nerves. (b) tactile cells, lamellated corpuscles, and tactile corpuscles. (c) hair, skin, and nails. (d) hair follicles, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
hair follicles, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
What is the subcutaneous layer that separates the integument from the deep fascia around other organs?
hypodermis
List the two terms for the tissue that connects the dermis to underlying tissues.
hypodermis or subcutaneous layer
What term is used to describe the thickened stratum corneum underlying the free edge of a nail?
hyponychium.
What is the function of sebum?
inhibits bacteria and lubricates the keratin of hair
The eponychium __________.
is the nail cuticle
What forms when scar tissue continues beyond the requirements of tissue repair?
keloid
The fibrous protein that is responsible for the strength and water resistance of the skin surface is (a) collagen. (b) eleidin. (c) keratin. (d) elastin. (e) keratohyalin.
keratin.
Describe the hypodermis
loose connective tissue and adipose tissue below the dermis; it is also called the subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia. It is not considered a part of the integument, but it is important in stabilizing the position of the skin in relation to underlying tissues.
What are the functions of sebaceous secretions?
lubricate and protect the keratin of the hair shaft, lubricate and condition the surrounding skin, and inhibit the growth of bacteria.
What is the name of the pale, crescent-shaped area near the root of the nail?
lunula
The portion of the hair follicle where cell divisions occur is the (a) shaft. (b) matrix. (c) root hair plexus. (d) cuticle.
matrix.
The core of a hair is called the ________.
medulla
Why does exposure to sunlight or sunlamps darken skin?
melanocytes in the epidermis and dermis synthesize the pigment melanin, darkening the skin.
Which of the following areas of the skin has the greatest concentration of eccrine sweat glands?
palm
What are the two layers of the dermis?
papillary and reticular
What are the major components of the dermis?
papillary layer and reticular layer
The two major components of the dermis are the (a) superficial fascia and cutaneous membrane. (b) epidermis and hypodermis. (c) papillary layer and reticular layer. (d) stratum basale and stratum corneum.
papillary layer and reticular layer.
Where are the capillaries and sensory neurons that supply the epidermis located?
papillary layer of the dermis
In order for bacteria on the skin to cause an infection in the skin, they must accomplish all of the following, except (a) survive the bactericidal components of sebum. (b) avoid being flushed from the surface of the skin by sweat. (c) penetrate the stratum corneum. (d) penetrate to the level of the capillaries. (e) escape the dendritic cells.
penetrate to the level of the capillaries.
The two types of exocrine glands in the skin are (a) merocrine and sweat glands. (b) sebaceous and sweat glands. (c) apocrine and sweat glands. (d) eccrine and sweat glands.
sebaceous and sweat glands.
Identify some roles of epidermal growth factor pertaining to the epidermis.
promotes the divisions of basal cells in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum, accelerates the production of keratin in differentiating keratinocytes, stimulates epidermal development and epidermal repair after injury, and stimulates synthetic activity and secretion by epithelial glands.
Identify several functions of subcutaneous fat
provides insulation to help reduce heat loss, serves as an energy reserve, acts as a shock absorber for the body
What happens when the arrector pili muscle contracts?
pulls the hair follicle erect, depressing the area at the base of the hair and making the surrounding skin appear higher. The result is known as "goose bumps."
The primary function of sensible perspiration is to (a) get rid of wastes. (b) protect the skin from dryness. (c) maintain electrolyte balance. (d) reduce body temperature.
reduce body temperature.
Decubitus ulcers __________.
result from a lack of circulation
Hair production occurs in the ________.
reticular layers of the dermis
The practical limit to the healing process of the skin is the formation of inflexible, fibrous, noncellular ________.
scar tissue
Identify two types of exocrine glands found in the skin
sebaceous (oil) glands and sweat glands.
Sebaceous glands release which type of secretion?
sebum
The secretion that lubricates and inhibits growth of bacteria on the skin is called
sebum
Excessive exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation may cause redness, edema, blisters, and pain. The presence of blisters classifies the burn as ________.
second-degree
Excessive exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation may cause redness, edema, blisters, and pain. The presence of blisters classifies the burn as ________. first-degree second-degree third-degree none of the above
second-degree
An important function of the hypodermis is to ________.
stabilize the position of the skin in relation to underlying tissues
Epidermal cells in the stratum spinosum and stratum germinativum function as a chemical factory in that they can convert ________.
steroid precursors to vitamin D when exposed to sunlight
In which layer(s) of the epidermis does cell division occur?
stratum basal
Beginning at the basement membrane and working toward the free surface, the layers of the epidermis are __________.
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum
Identify the layers of the epidermis.
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
Dandruff is caused by excessive shedding of cells from the outer layer of skin in the scalp. Thus, dandruff is composed of cells from which epidermal layer?
stratum corneum
What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis?
stratum corneum
Each of the following is a function of the integumentary system, except (a) protection of underlying tissue. (b) excretion of salts and wastes. (c) maintenance of body temperature. (d) synthesis of vitamin C. (e) storage of nutrients.
synthesis of vitamin C.
In the elderly, blood supply to the dermis is reduced and sweat glands are less active. This combination of factors would most affect (a) the ability to thermoregulate. (b) the ability to heal injured skin. (c) the ease with which the skin is injured. (d) the physical characteristics of the skin. (e) the ability to grow hair.
the ability to thermoregulate.
The integumentary system consists of __________.
the cutaneous membrane and associated structures
The two major components of the integumentary system are (a) the cutaneous membrane and the accessory structures. (b) the epidermis and the hypodermis. (c) the hair and the nails. (d) the dermis and the hypodermis.
the cutaneous membrane and the accessory structures.
Differences in skin color among individuals are the result of ________.
the different sizes of melanosomes and the epidermal strata to which they can transfer
The darker an individual's skin color, (a) the more melanocytes she has in her skin. (b) the more layers she has in her epidermis. (c) the more melanin her melanocytes produce. (d) the more superficial her blood vessels are.
the more melanin her melanocytes produce.
What is the natural factor responsible for varying shades of hair color?
type of pigment present
What is the natural factor responsible for varying shades of hair color? number of melanocytes amount of carotene production type of pigment present all of the above
type of pigment present
Muscle weakness and a reduction in bone strength in the elderly result from decreased (a) vitamin D3 production. (b) melanin production. (c) sebum production. (d) dermal blood supply.
vitamin D3 production.
