Chapter 5 - Integumentary System
Another name for the skin is the ______ membrane.
cutaneous
The root and shaft of a hair consist of ______ epithelial cells, while the hair bulb contains ______ epithelial cells.
dead, living
Vasoconstriction means that the diameter of the vessels ______, so relatively ______ blood can travel through them.
decrease, less
The reticular layer of the dermis is ______.
deep to the papillary layer
The reticular layer contains ______.
dense irregular connective tissue
The epidermal ridges interdigitate with the ______.
dermal papillae
The connective tissue root sheath of a hair follicle are derived from the ______.
dermis
Epidermal accessory organs are located in the ______ and may project through the ______ to the surface of skin.
dermis, epidermis
The skin is made up of two distinct layers, the _____ and the _____.
epidermis, dermis
Place the following layers of thin skin in order from superficial to deep.
1. Stratum corneum 2. Stratum granulosum 3. Stratum spinosum 4. Stratum basale
The integument accounts for about _____% of the body weight.
8
Cyanosis (match the abnormality with its cause)
Airway obstruction, emphysema, or respiratory arrest
Sebaceous (match the type of exocrine gland with its location)
Associated with hair follicles over much of the skin
Apocrine (match the type of exocrine gland with its location)
Axillary, anal, areolar, and pubic regions
Mammary (match the type of exocrine gland with its location)
Breasts
Papillary layer (Match the individual layers of the dermis and subcutaneous layer with their descriptions.)
Composed of areolar connective tissue; contains dermal papillae
Stratum basale (Match the individual layers of the epidermis with their descriptions.)
Contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, and tactile cells
Pallor (match the abnormality with its cause)
Decreased blood flow to the skin
Reticular layer (Match the individual layers of the dermis and subcutaneous layer with their descriptions.)
Dense irregular connective tissue surrounding blood vessels, hair follicles, nerves, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands
Merocrine (match the type of exocrine gland with its location)
Distributed throughout body
Jaundice (match the abnormality with its cause)
Elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood
Erythema (match the abnormality with its cause)
Exercise, sunburn, excess heat, emotions (anger or embarrassment) resulting in increased blood flow in dilated blood vessels in the dermis
Ceruminous (match the type of exocrine gland with its location)
External acoustic meatus
Bronzing (match the abnormality with its cause)
Glucocorticoid hormone deficiency in the adrenal cortex; Addison disease
Albinism (match the abnormality with its description)
Hair is white, skin is pale, irises of eyes are pink
Stratum granulosum (Match the individual layers of the epidermis with their descriptions.)
Keratinization begins in this layer
Stratum spinosum (Match the individual layers of the epidermis with their descriptions.)
Keratinocytes attached to neighbors by desmosomes
Stratum corneum (Match the individual layers of the epidermis with their descriptions.)
Most superficial layer of epidermis
Subcutaneous layer (Match the individual layers of the dermis and subcutaneous layer with their descriptions.)
Not considered part of the integument
Which are functions of the subcutaneous layer? Select all that apply.
Protection Energy reservoir Thermal insulation
Stratum lucidum (Match the individual layers of the epidermis with their descriptions.)
Seen only in thick skin
Jaundice (match the abnormality with its description)
Skin and sclera (white of the eyes) appear yellow
Erythema (match the abnormality with its description)
Skin appears abnormally red
Pallor (match the abnormality with its description)
Skin appears ashen, pale due to white collagen fibers housed within the dermis
Cyanosis (match the abnormality with its description)
Skin appears blue as a result of oxygen deficiency in circulating blood
Bronzing (match the abnormality with its description)
Skin appears golden-brown, copper, or bronze in color
Which layer is the most superficial in the epidermis?
Stratum corneum
Extending from the dermal papillae to the mid-region of the hair follicles are thin ribbons of smooth muscle that are collectively called the ______ muscles.
arrector pili
Extending from the hair follicle to dermal papillae are muscles called _____.
arrector pili
The three recognizable zones along the length of a hair are ______.
bulb, root, shaft
The main structural components of the reticular layer is primarily a network of ______ fibers that extend internally from the reticular layer of the dermis into the underlying subcutaneous layer.
collagen
There are two types of melanin, _________ and pheomelanin, together they produce various ratios of yellow, reddish, tan, brown, and black shades.
eumelanin
The connective tissue layers of the dermis contain cells called ______.
fibroblasts
Merocrine (match the type of exocrine gland with its secretion or function)
function in thermoregulation and excretion
The epidermis is avascular, which means it ______
has no blood vessels
Sebaceous glands are classified as ______ glands that discharge an oily, waxy secretion called ______.
holocrine, sebum
The subcutaneous layer is also known as the ______ or superficial fascia.
hypodermis
Vasodilation of the dermal blood vessels means that the diameter of the vessels ______, so relatively ______ blood can travel through them.
increases, more
Albinism (match the abnormality with its cause)
lack of melanin production
Sebaceous (match the type of exocrine gland with its secretion or function)
lipid material called sebum
Gray hair results from the gradual reduction of ______ production.
melanin
The color of hair is the result of ______.
melanin production
Melanin is transferred in membrane-bound vesicles from _____ to keratinocytes in the stratum basale.
melanocytes
Pigment producing cells of the epidermis are ______.
melanocytes
The two types of sweat glands in the skin are ______ sweat glands and ______ sweat glands
merocrine, apocrine
Mammary glands produce ______.
milk
The nail plate covers a layer of epidermis that is called the ______.
nail bed
The accessory organs of the epidermis are hair, ______, ______ glands and sweat glan
nails, sebaceous
Sebaceous glands produce (an) ______ material that coats hair shafts and the epidermal surface
oily
During the process of keratinization, ______ disintegrate and the cells start to die. Also their membranes become thicker and less permeable.
organelles
Melanosomes are transferred to keratinocytes in the stratum basale via the process of ______ or exocytosis.
phagocytosis
Mammary glands only become functional in ______.
pregnant females
Hemoglobin exhibits a ______ color.
red
A type of gland associated with a hair follicle is usually a ______ gland.
sebaceous
Apocrine (match the type of exocrine gland with its secretion or function)
secrete proteins and lipids
The secretion from merocrine sweat glands are carried to the surface of the epidermis via ______. The secretions of apocrine sweat glands are carried into __________.
sweat ducts/hair follicles
The skin houses two types of general exocrine glands, which are ________ glands and _______ glands.
sweat, sebaceous
Carotene exhibits a ______ color.
yellow or orange
Nails and hair are components of the integumentary system.
True
True or false: The nail root is embedded in skin.
True
The nail matrix is the ______.
actively growing part of the nail