Chapter 5 - Integumentary System

Another name for the skin is the ______ membrane.

cutaneous

The root and shaft of a hair consist of ______ epithelial cells, while the hair bulb contains ______ epithelial cells.

dead, living

Vasoconstriction means that the diameter of the vessels ______, so relatively ______ blood can travel through them.

decrease, less

The reticular layer of the dermis is ______.

deep to the papillary layer

The reticular layer contains ______.

dense irregular connective tissue

The epidermal ridges interdigitate with the ______.

dermal papillae

The connective tissue root sheath of a hair follicle are derived from the ______.

dermis

Epidermal accessory organs are located in the ______ and may project through the ______ to the surface of skin.

dermis, epidermis

The skin is made up of two distinct layers, the _____ and the _____.

epidermis, dermis

Place the following layers of thin skin in order from superficial to deep.

1. Stratum corneum 2. Stratum granulosum 3. Stratum spinosum 4. Stratum basale

The integument accounts for about _____% of the body weight.

8

Cyanosis (match the abnormality with its cause)

Airway obstruction, emphysema, or respiratory arrest

Sebaceous (match the type of exocrine gland with its location)

Associated with hair follicles over much of the skin

Apocrine (match the type of exocrine gland with its location)

Axillary, anal, areolar, and pubic regions

Mammary (match the type of exocrine gland with its location)

Breasts

Papillary layer (Match the individual layers of the dermis and subcutaneous layer with their descriptions.)

Composed of areolar connective tissue; contains dermal papillae

Stratum basale (Match the individual layers of the epidermis with their descriptions.)

Contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, and tactile cells

Pallor (match the abnormality with its cause)

Decreased blood flow to the skin

Reticular layer (Match the individual layers of the dermis and subcutaneous layer with their descriptions.)

Dense irregular connective tissue surrounding blood vessels, hair follicles, nerves, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands

Merocrine (match the type of exocrine gland with its location)

Distributed throughout body

Jaundice (match the abnormality with its cause)

Elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood

Erythema (match the abnormality with its cause)

Exercise, sunburn, excess heat, emotions (anger or embarrassment) resulting in increased blood flow in dilated blood vessels in the dermis

Ceruminous (match the type of exocrine gland with its location)

External acoustic meatus

Bronzing (match the abnormality with its cause)

Glucocorticoid hormone deficiency in the adrenal cortex; Addison disease

Albinism (match the abnormality with its description)

Hair is white, skin is pale, irises of eyes are pink

Stratum granulosum (Match the individual layers of the epidermis with their descriptions.)

Keratinization begins in this layer

Stratum spinosum (Match the individual layers of the epidermis with their descriptions.)

Keratinocytes attached to neighbors by desmosomes

Stratum corneum (Match the individual layers of the epidermis with their descriptions.)

Most superficial layer of epidermis

Subcutaneous layer (Match the individual layers of the dermis and subcutaneous layer with their descriptions.)

Not considered part of the integument

Which are functions of the subcutaneous layer? Select all that apply.

Protection Energy reservoir Thermal insulation

Stratum lucidum (Match the individual layers of the epidermis with their descriptions.)

Seen only in thick skin

Jaundice (match the abnormality with its description)

Skin and sclera (white of the eyes) appear yellow

Erythema (match the abnormality with its description)

Skin appears abnormally red

Pallor (match the abnormality with its description)

Skin appears ashen, pale due to white collagen fibers housed within the dermis

Cyanosis (match the abnormality with its description)

Skin appears blue as a result of oxygen deficiency in circulating blood

Bronzing (match the abnormality with its description)

Skin appears golden-brown, copper, or bronze in color

Which layer is the most superficial in the epidermis?

Stratum corneum

Extending from the dermal papillae to the mid-region of the hair follicles are thin ribbons of smooth muscle that are collectively called the ______ muscles.

arrector pili

Extending from the hair follicle to dermal papillae are muscles called _____.

arrector pili

The three recognizable zones along the length of a hair are ______.

bulb, root, shaft

The main structural components of the reticular layer is primarily a network of ______ fibers that extend internally from the reticular layer of the dermis into the underlying subcutaneous layer.

collagen

There are two types of melanin, _________ and pheomelanin, together they produce various ratios of yellow, reddish, tan, brown, and black shades.

eumelanin

The connective tissue layers of the dermis contain cells called ______.

fibroblasts

Merocrine (match the type of exocrine gland with its secretion or function)

function in thermoregulation and excretion

The epidermis is avascular, which means it ______

has no blood vessels

Sebaceous glands are classified as ______ glands that discharge an oily, waxy secretion called ______.

holocrine, sebum

The subcutaneous layer is also known as the ______ or superficial fascia.

hypodermis

Vasodilation of the dermal blood vessels means that the diameter of the vessels ______, so relatively ______ blood can travel through them.

increases, more

Albinism (match the abnormality with its cause)

lack of melanin production

Sebaceous (match the type of exocrine gland with its secretion or function)

lipid material called sebum

Gray hair results from the gradual reduction of ______ production.

melanin

The color of hair is the result of ______.

melanin production

Melanin is transferred in membrane-bound vesicles from _____ to keratinocytes in the stratum basale.

melanocytes

Pigment producing cells of the epidermis are ______.

melanocytes

The two types of sweat glands in the skin are ______ sweat glands and ______ sweat glands

merocrine, apocrine

Mammary glands produce ______.

milk

The nail plate covers a layer of epidermis that is called the ______.

nail bed

The accessory organs of the epidermis are hair, ______, ______ glands and sweat glan

nails, sebaceous

Sebaceous glands produce (an) ______ material that coats hair shafts and the epidermal surface

oily

During the process of keratinization, ______ disintegrate and the cells start to die. Also their membranes become thicker and less permeable.

organelles

Melanosomes are transferred to keratinocytes in the stratum basale via the process of ______ or exocytosis.

phagocytosis

Mammary glands only become functional in ______.

pregnant females

Hemoglobin exhibits a ______ color.

red

A type of gland associated with a hair follicle is usually a ______ gland.

sebaceous

Apocrine (match the type of exocrine gland with its secretion or function)

secrete proteins and lipids

The secretion from merocrine sweat glands are carried to the surface of the epidermis via ______. The secretions of apocrine sweat glands are carried into __________.

sweat ducts/hair follicles

The skin houses two types of general exocrine glands, which are ________ glands and _______ glands.

sweat, sebaceous

Carotene exhibits a ______ color.

yellow or orange

Nails and hair are components of the integumentary system.

True

True or false: The nail root is embedded in skin.

True

The nail matrix is the ______.

actively growing part of the nail