Chapter 5: International Institutions and War

Put these important events in the history of European alliances in order, from earliest to most recent. - Europe separates into the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente - The North Atlantic Treaty Organization and Warsaw Pact split Europe into rival alliances. - Britain and France fail to uphold alliance commitments as Hitler gains power in Germany

- Europe separates into the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente - Britain and France fail to uphold alliance commitments as Hitler gains power in Germany - The North Atlantic Treaty Organization and Warsaw Pact split Europe into rival alliances.

Put the following important moments in the history of the United Nations in order from earliest to most recent. - The United Nations authorizes the use of force to liberate Kuwait from Iraq - The United Nations fails to act decisively in a series of humanitarian crises in Darfur and Rwanda - The Cold War largely paralyzes the UN, preventing many potential Security Council actions.

- The Cold War largely paralyzes the UN, preventing many potential Security Council actions. - The United Nations authorizes the use of force to liberate Kuwait from Iraq - The United Nations fails to act decisively in a series of humanitarian crises in Darfur and Rwanda

Which of the following is an example of entrapment? - Russia, sensing that Germany would soon be the dominant power on the continent, allied with Hitler and Nazi Germany to make sure Russia was on the winning side. - While it is unclear whether the United Kingdom really wanted to go to war with Germany in 1914, they felt obligated to do so because of their alliance with France and Russia. - States come together to form a regional alliance wherein an attack against one state is an attack against all states - India, worried about China's growing power in Asia, increases its ties to the United States and Japan.

- While it is unclear whether the United Kingdom really wanted to go to war with Germany in 1914, they felt obligated to do so because of their alliance with France and Russia.

In which kind of situation has the United Nations historically seen the most success?

- helping countries rebuild after negotiations settle

League of Nations

A collective security organization founded in 1919 after World War 1. The League ended in 1946 and was replaced by the United Nations. (216)

United Nations (UN)

A collective security organization founded in 1945 after World War II. With over 190 members, the UN includes all recognized states. Compare League of Nations. (216)

Peace-enforcement Operation

A military operation in which force is used to make and/or enforce peace among warring parties that have not agreed to end their fighting. Compare peacekeeping operation</>. (224)

The United Nations Security Council has generally hesitated to define domestic conflicts as a "threat to international peace and security" primarily because __________ and __________ have used their veto power to block interventions in domestic affairs. A) China; Russia B) France; Great Britain C) France; Russia D) China; Great Britain

A) China; Russia

Which body of the United Nations gives some members the ability to veto resolutions? A) Security Council B) General Assembly C) International Court of Justice D) Economic and Social Council

A) Security Council

According to the findings of the Alliance Treaty Obligation and Provision (ATOP) project, the vast majority of alliances are A) defensive in character B) defensive in character and lead to entrapment C) offensive in character and lead to entrapment D) offensive in character.

A) defensive in character

In international relations, an alliance is generally understood as an institution that helps countries cooperate A) militarily B) scientifically C) politically D) economically.

A) militarily

What are the two factors that impede international efforts at collective security? A) opposition from the leading states and their unwillingness to pay the costs of intervening in conflicts B) unwillingness of the leading states to pay the costs of intervening in conflicts C) opposition from the weaker states and their unwillingness to pay the costs of intervening in conflicts D) opposition from the leading states on ideological grounds

A) opposition from the leading states and their unwillingness to pay the costs of intervening in conflicts

Which of the following terms best describes a type of institution that helps its members cooperate militarily, especially when members share a common interest in changing the outcomes of bargaining with a third party? - Alliance - Collective Security Organization - International Organization

Alliance

Decide whether each of the following describes alliances, collective security organizations, or both. Primary purpose is to change the bargaining outcomes to one side's favor

Alliances

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

An alliance formed in 1949 among the United States, Canada, and most of the states of Western Europe in response to the threat posed by the Soviet Union. The alliance requires the members to consider an attack on any one of them as an attack on all. Compare Warsaw Pact. (212)

Peacekeeping Operation

An operation in which troops and observers are deployed to monitor a cease-fire or peace agreement. Compare. (224)

*QUESTION ON OTHER SIDE* - After the Cold War, NATO expanded to the borders of Russia

Analyze the map, and then choose the claim it best supports. - After the Cold War, NATO expanded to the borders of Russia - NATO has struggled to attract members since the end of the Cold War - The roots of NATO historically are in eastern Europe - NATO has rarely expanded since 1990.

What is the most significant difference between collective security organizations and alliances in general? A) Alliances are informally organized and lack the clear decision-making structures present in collective security organizations B) Alliances have fewer members and involve more like-minded states than collective security organizations C) Alliances are more formal and have clearer decision-making structures than collective security organizations D) Alliances have more members and bring together a greater diversity of states than collective security organizations.

B) Alliances have fewer members and involve more like-minded states than collective security organizations

How was the activity of the UN Security Council affected by the end of the Cold War? A) The number of permanent members increased B) The number of vetoes decreased C) The number of peacekeeping missions decreased D) Security Council activity was largely unaffected by the end of the Cold War.

B) The number of vetoes decreased

How do credible alliances affect bargaining in the international system? A) They reduce the likelihood of conflict by reducing the effective number of actors in the international system B) They increase the cost of conflict, thereby making violence less likely C) They increase the likelihood of conflict by reducing its cost D) They increase the likelihood of war by forcing states to take positions they might otherwise not take.

B) They increase the cost of conflict, thereby making violence less likely

Successful alliances accomplish which two tasks? A) increase the costs and decrease the benefits of fighting, while operating in ways that signal to their adversaries the allies' commitment to fight together B) decrease the costs and increase the benefits of fighting while increasing the costs of not fighting, and operating in ways that signal to their adversaries the allies' commitment to fight together C) increase the costs and decrease the benefits of fighting while operating in secret in order to take their adversaries by surprise D) decrease the costs and increase the benefits of fighting while increasing the costs of not fighting, and operating in secret in order to take their adversaries by surprise

B) decrease the costs and increase the benefits of fighting while increasing the costs of not fighting, and operating in ways that signal to their adversaries the allies' commitment to fight together

Which of the following is an example of peacekeeping? A) resolving a border dispute B) deploying troops to monitor a cease-fire C) removing nuclear weapons from a country D) punishing an aggressor

B) deploying troops to monitor a cease-fire

In the context of the United Nations, "P5" refers to A) the five key advisers to the secretary-general B) the five permanent members of the UN Security Council C) the bureaucracy and officers responsible for organizing the UN's activities D) the five main committees of the United Nations.

B) the five permanent members of the UN Security Council

Identify the following scenarios as examples of either pursuing a balance of power or bandwagoning. China becomes the preeminent global superpower. In response, other states band together to try and limit China's influence.

Balance of Power

Identify the following scenarios as examples of either pursuing a balance of power or bandwagoning. France is concerned about how powerful its neighbor Germany is becoming, so France allies with Britain against Germany.

Balance of Power

Alliances can take multiple forms. Some involve states forming competing alliances to ensure that neither side gains a clear military edge. This is known as _________. Other alliances involve states joining forces with the more powerful side of a conflict so as to ensure they end up on the winning side. This is known as __________.

Balance of power; Bandwagoning (in full sentence--->) Alliances can take multiple forms. Some involve states forming competing alliances to ensure that neither side gains a clear military edge. This is known as balance of power. Other alliances involve states joining forces with the more powerful side of a conflict so as to ensure they end up on the winning side. This is known as bandwagoning.

Identify the following scenarios as examples of either pursuing a balance of power or bandwagoning. India successfully invades several neighbors. In response, other states in the region ally themselves with India.

Bandwagoning

Decide whether each of the following describes alliances, collective security organizations, or both. Involve states joining together for a common purpose

Both

Collective Security Organizations

Broad-based institutions that promote peace and security among their members. Examples include the League of Nations and the United Nations. Compare alliances. (216)

When states team up with the more powerful side in a dispute to share the spoils of conquest, it is called A) entrapment B) balancing and bandwagoning C) bandwagoning D) balancing.

C) bandwagoning

After the end of the Cold War, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) A) gave up nuclear weapons B) dissolved C) expanded to include more members D) started to focus on Pacific rather than Atlantic concerns.

C) expanded to include more members

Peace enforcement A) is used to enforce a peace treaty B) has the consent of the warring parties C) often lacks the consent of the warring parties D) does not require the use of force to function.

C) often lacks the consent of the warring parties

In which area have United Nations peacekeeping operations been most successful? A) preventing genocide B) preventing interstate conflict and ending hostilities between states C) post-conflict reconstruction and development D) preventing the outbreak of internal conflicts (civil wars) within states

C) post-conflict reconstruction and development

On average, peacekeeping has A) increased the likelihood of a new civil war breaking out B) failed to keep the peace C) succeeded in preventing cease-fires from being violated D) required little effort by participating countries.

C) succeeded in preventing cease-fires from being violated

The balance of power theory of alliance formation argues that states are more likely to join an alliance A) to match a joint rival militarily B) to dominate a joint rival militarily C) to make sure that each side has an even amount of power D) if their partners are equal in powers

C) to make sure that each side has an even amount of power

*QUESTION ON OTHER SIDE* Correct: - Peacekeeping operations increased dramatically after the end of the Cold War. - The overall trend has been toward more peacekeeping forces. Incorrect: - The 1970s and 1980s represented a very busy period in UN peacekeeping. - Peacekeeping operations have to continue indefinitely.

Choose all of the following statements that are supported by the graph. - Peacekeeping operations have to continue indefinitely. - Peacekeeping operations increased dramatically after the end of the Cold War. - The 1970s and 1980s represented a very busy period in UN peacekeeping. - The overall trend has been toward more peacekeeping forces.

Collective security organizations face two problems in keeping the peace. First, the tendency of member states to free ride means there is a __________ problem. Second, the mix of interests that member states bring to the table can lead to a __________ problem in trying to resolve issues, such as identifying an aggressor in a conflict.

Collective Action; Joint Decision-Making (in full sentence -->) Collective security organizations face two problems in keeping the peace. First, the tendency of member states to free ride means there is a collective action problem. Second, the mix of interests that member states bring to the table can lead to a joint decision making problem in trying to resolve issues, such as identifying an aggressor in a conflict.

Choose all of the following that are ways an alliance might affect the bargaining over the decision to go to war. - Alliances can make war more likely by lowering the costs of war for both sides of a conflict. - An alliance can shift the bargaining range between different sides in a conflict. - An alliance can alter the chances of sides reaching a bargain. - Alliances can change participants' beliefs about what third parties will do in a conflict.

Correct Answers: - An alliance can alter the chances of sides reaching a bargain. - Alliances can change participants' beliefs about what third parties will do in a conflict. - An alliance can shift the bargaining range between different sides in a conflict. Incorrect Answers: - Alliances can make war more likely by lowering the costs of war for both sides of a conflict.

Several conditions are more likely to help a collective security organization succeed, including which of the following? - Member states must believe they will not be entrapped by their partner states. - One or more member states must value the collective good highly enough to pay the cost to achieve it. - The organization must treat each new crisis in an ad hoc manner and require a renegotiation of standards and rules each time. - Powerful member states must agree to the desirability of collective action.

Correct Answers: - Powerful member states must agree to the desirability of collective action. - One or more member states must value the collective good highly enough to pay the cost to achieve it. Incorrect Answers: - Member states must believe they will not be entrapped by their partner states. - The organization must treat each new crisis in an ad hoc manner and require a renegotiation of standards and rules each time.

The success of an alliance is based on which of the following factors? Choose all that apply. - having strong mutual interests - preferring to fight together rather than abandon each other in time of war - limiting the risk of entrapment - effectively signaling to potential opponents that allies are committed to the alliance

Correct answers: - having strong mutual interests - preferring to fight together rather than abandon each other in time of war - limiting the risk of entrapment - effectively signaling to potential opponents that allies are committed to the alliance Incorrect Answers: none

Choose all of the following that are reasons why balance of power theory does not fully account for all alliance decisions. - Alliances rarely form in the international system. - Not all strong powers trigger balancing against them. - Balance of power doesn't account for shared culture or religion. - Not all alliances form with balance of power as a goal.

Correct: - Not all alliances form with balance of power as a goal. (WHY--> Sometimes, countries will bandwagon and ally themselves with the stronger side to ensure they are part of the winning team.) - Balance of power doesn't account for shared culture or religion. (WHY--> Countries may only ally with other countries with which they share some positive history, even when there are many other potential partners that can address their security needs.) - Not all strong powers trigger balancing against them. (WHY--> Some powerful countries, particularly the United States since the end of the Cold War, have not triggered a balancing coalition forming against them.) Incorrect: - Alliances rarely form in the international system. (WHY--> While alliances may not always follow balance of power considerations, they are quite common in international relations.)

Two states, Atlantis and Midgar, have long contested ownership of a section of land between their two countries. Atlantis decides to form an alliance with Hyrule to help in its struggle with Midgar. How would this alliance change the bargaining interaction between Atlantis and Midgar relative to the status quo? Choose all that apply. - The costs of a potential war for Midgar decrease. - The value of a potential war to Midgar decreases. - Because of Hyrule's help in winning a likely war, the bargaining range shifts toward Atlantis's ideal outcome. - Because Atlantis would pay a smaller cost to go to war, the bargaining range shifts toward Atlantis's ideal outcome.

Correct: - The value of a potential war to Midgar decreases. - Because of Hyrule's help in winning a likely war, the bargaining range shifts toward Atlantis's ideal outcome. - Because Atlantis would pay a smaller cost to go to war, the bargaining range shifts toward Atlantis's ideal outcome. Incorrect: - The costs of a potential war for Midgar decrease.

State A and State B are in an alliance. They engage in joint military planning together, and they publicly pledge to defend the other in the event of attack. These kinds of activities are attempts to strengthen what?

Credibility of commitment

Which country is the top contributor of peacekeeping soldiers to UN operations? A) Ghana B) United States of America C) Germany D) Ethiopia

D) Ethiopia

What is a collective security institution? A) an institutional arrangement for regulating the global financial system B) an institution that implements immigration policies C) a system of voting on the use of force within the United Nations D) an institution whose members are responsible for addressing aggression as a group

D) an institution whose members are responsible for addressing aggression as a group

Other than military capabilities, what factors determine alliance partnerships? A) geographic proximity and the presence or absence of high-value disputes B) geographic proximity and ideological and cultural similarity C) ideological and cultural similarity and the presence or absence of high-value disputes D) geographic proximity, ideological and cultural similarity, and, the presence or absence of high-value disputes

D) geographic proximity, ideological and cultural similarity, and, the presence or absence of high-value disputes

Two fictional countries, East Barovia and South Barovia, agree that if North Barovia or West Barovia attacks either of them, they will aid each other militarily in pushing back the attack. This is known as which of the following? - Defensive alliance - Offensive alliance - Peace-enforcement Operation - Collective Security Organization

Defensive alliance

The United States and South Korea have an agreement to defend each other militarily if either is attacked. This is known as a(n) __________ alliance. Although the pact is mutual in nature, the reality is that the United States is larger and more powerful than South Korea; therefore, the alliance is described as _____________.

Defensive; Asymmetrical The United States and South Korea have an agreement to defend each other militarily if either is attacked. This is known as a(n) defensive alliance. Although the pact is mutual in nature, the reality is that the United States is larger and more powerful than South Korea; therefore, the alliance is described as asymmetrical.

T/F: Most alliances over the past 200 years have been offensive alliances.

False

The most powerful countries of the P5 tend to supply the most personnel to peacekeeping operations.

False Why: Although that is a reasonable guess, the largest contributors of peacekeeping forces tend to be developing countries with smaller militaries.

T/F: The UN intervened successfully to stop humanitarian crises in Rwanda and Darfur.

False: Rwanda and Darfur represent two of the international community's biggest failures when it comes to stopping genocide and preventing humanitarian crises.

Identify each of the following concepts as an interest, an interaction, or an institution. the United Nations Security Council (UNSC)

Institution

Genocide

Intentional and systematic killing aimed at eliminating an identifiable group of people, such as an ethnic or religious group. (217)

Identify each of the following concepts as an interest, an interaction, or an institution. United Nations peacekeeping forces can act in a neutral manner that diffuses tensions during a cease-fire.

Interaction

Identify each of the following concepts as an interest, an interaction, or an institution. Humanitarian interventions represent a shared desire to prevent suffering and death.

Interest

Humanitarian Interventions

Interventions designed to relieve humanitarian crises stemming from civil conflicts or large-scale human rights abuses, including genocide. (218)

Imagine that your member state has a resolution it would like to see the Security Council pass. Bolivia, China, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, France, Kuwait, the Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States are all in favor of it. Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, and the Russian Federation are all opposed. If every member state voted sincerely, what would happen to your resolution?

It would fail. - Because Russia is one of the five member states with a Security Council veto, the resolution would likely fail. Having a veto is incredibly powerful.

During the Cold War, Western nations such as the United States and the United Kingdom joined the __________, whereas communist-aligned states such as the USSR and its allies formed the _________.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; Warsaw Pact (in full sentence---->) During the Cold War, Western nations such as the United States and the United Kingdom joined the North Atlantic treaty organization, whereas communist-aligned states such as the USSR and its allies formed the Warsaw pact.

Peace Enforcement or Peacekeeping: More likely to include one of the P5 members acting in a central capacity

Peace Enforcement

Peace Enforcement or Peacekeeping: Often involves combat

Peace Enforcement

The United Nations engages in several kinds of intervention. Some, known as __________, involve actively inserting UN authorized forces into an ongoing conflict. Others, known as _________, involve the host nation(s) asking for UN assistance in keeping a cease-fire and in verifying that the terms of peace agreements are being met by all sides.

Peace enforcement; Peacekeeping (in full sentence--->) The United Nations engages in several kinds of intervention. Some, known as peace enforcement, involve actively inserting UN authorized forces into an ongoing conflict. Others, known as peacekeeping, involve the host nation(s) asking for UN assistance in keeping a cease-fire and in verifying that the terms of peace agreements are being met by all sides.

Peace Enforcement or Peacekeeping: Typically occurs after the conclusion of a conflict

Peacekeeping

Peace Enforcement or Peacekeeping: Usually invited to intervene by participants

Peacekeeping

Most of the real decision-making power in the United Nations rests in the hands of which body? - General Assembly - Security Council - NATO

Security Council

Decide whether each of the following describes alliances, collective security organizations, or both. Ensure that any changes to the status quo are peaceful

Security Organizations

*QUESTION ON OTHER SIDE* Correct Answers: - The Soviet Union and Russia were most active in using their veto in the 1940s and 2010s. - The period from 1971 to 1986 saw many resolutions that ran counter to the interests of the Western members of the P5. - The number of vetoes cast in the Security Council is lower today than it was during the 1970s and 1980s. Incorrect Answers: - The United States has rarely had to use the veto. - Most vetoes in the last decade have been cast by Western countries.

Study the graph of vetoes cast in the UN Security Council and determine which of the following statements are accurate. - Most vetoes in the last decade have been cast by Western countries. - The Soviet Union and Russia were most active in using their veto in the 1940s and 2010s. - The United States has rarely had to use the veto. - The period from 1971 to 1986 saw many resolutions that ran counter to the interests of the Western members of the P5. - The number of vetoes cast in the Security Council is lower today than it was during the 1970s and 1980s.

Veto Power

The ability to prevent the passage of a measure through a unilateral act, such as a single negative vote. (222)

Entrapment

The condition of being dragged into an unwanted war because of the opportunistic actions of an ally. (208)

Permanent Five (P5)

The five permanent members of the UN Security Council: the United States, Great Britain, France, Russia (formerly the Soviet Union), and China. (221)

UN Security Council (UNSC)

The main governing body of the UN, which has the authority to identify threats to international peace and security and to prescribe the organization's response, including military and/or economic sanctions. (221)

Warsaw Pact

The military alliance formed in 1955 to bring together the Soviet Union and its Cold War allies in Eastern Europe and elsewhere; dissolved on March 31, 1991, as the Cold War ended. Compare North Atlantic Treaty Organization. (212)

T/F: Suppose a civil war breaks out in the fictitious country of Norrath. Its government has largely ceased to function and can no longer provide for its people but has not requested outside aid. The United Nations sends in troops to help establish peace among the warring factions. This is an example of peace-enforcement operations.

True Why: This differs from peacekeeping operations, which involve monitoring an already-existing peace agreement or cease-fire.

T/F: Research on alliances has found that before the middle of the twentieth century, states honored their alliances more often than not.

True: Research shows that previous to the mid-twentieth century, states honored their alliances 60 to 70 percent of the time.

Choose all of the following that are true about collective security. - Collective security organizations are based on a presumption that states share a common interest in peace. - There has never been a truly global collective security organization. - Collective security organizations forbid the use of violence by one member state against another.

True: - Collective security organizations forbid the use of violence by one member state against another. - Collective security organizations are based on a presumption that states share a common interest in peace. False: - There has never been a truly global collective security organization.

Both the League of Nations and the _______ are examples of __________ organizations.

United Nations; Collective Security (in full sentence--->) Both the League of Nations and the United Nations are examples of collective security organizations.

What is the largest and most important collective security organization in the world today?

United nations

Alliances often face a trade-off between _________, in the form of ironclad promises, and _________, which requires ambiguity and flexibility.

confidence; control Alliances often face a trade-off between confidence, in the form of ironclad promises, and control, which requires ambiguity and flexibility.