Chapter 5
A person experiencing a panic disorder is MOST likely also to have which of the following? A) fear of leaving home B) fear of enclosed spaces C) fear of other people
A
A friend of your says, "I'll try to see only the positive side of things, then everything will be OK." From a cognitive perspective, your friend is ______obsessive thoughts. A) neutralizing. B) habituating. C) exposing. D) engaging in response prevention.
A
A person who is restless, keyed up, and on edge for no apparent reason is experiencing: A) free-floating anxiety. B) specific anxiety. C) fearful anxiety. D) obsessions.
A
A phobic person is taught to imagine the feared items as part of desensitization training. This is an example of the ______ technique. A) covert B) modeling C) fear hierarchical flooding D) in vivo
A
A psychotherapist models appropriate social skills for a client with social anxiety disorder, then uses modeling for another client with a phobia for spiders. What the therapist is doing is: A) common; modeling is often used in the treatment of these kinds of disorders. B) uncommon; modeling is often used in the treatment of social anxiety disorders, but seldom used in the treatment of specific phobias. C) uncommon; modeling is seldom used in the treatment of social anxiety disorders, but commonly used in the treatment of specific phobias. D) rare; modeling is seldom used in the treatment of these kinds of disorders.
A
According to "intolerance of uncertainty theory," those with generalized anxiety disorder are: A) likely to overestimate the chances that any negative event will occur. B) likely to underestimate the chances that any positive event will occur. C) only able to tolerate uncertainty in mildly threatening events. D) only able to tolerate uncertainty in severely threatening events.
A
According to behaviorists, why do patients engage in compulsive behaviors? A) Those behaviors reduce anxiety and are thus negatively reinforced. B) They have been punished in the past for engaging in the compulsive behaviors. C) They need a higher level of anxiety than average to be produ
A
An emphasis on the beliefs and expectations that lead someone with a social anxiety disorder to overestimate how bad a social interaction went is characteristic of: A) cognitive therapists. B) those who advocate using medication to treat social phobias. C) those who also experience claustrophobia. D) behavioral therapists.
A
Antidepressants that are effective in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder serve to: A) increase serotonin activity in the brain. B) increase norepinephrine activity in the brain. C) increase the level of all brain neurotransmitters. D) decrease serotonin activity in the brain.
A
Behaviorists believe that compulsive behavior: A) is reinforced because engaging in it reduces anxiety. B) originally is associated with an increase in anxiety. C) is logically rather than randomly connected to fearful situations. D) is exhibited by everyone.
A
Benzodiazepines are believed to be effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder because they mimic the effect of ______ at certain receptor sites in the brain. A) GABA B) dopamine C) acetylcholine D) serotonin
A
Cognitive therapists believe that generalized anxiety disorder is induced by: A) maladaptive assumptions. B) lack of empathy. C) interpersonal loss. D) overactive id impulses.
A
Davon watched his father recoil from a snake in fear. Now he is afraid of snakes. This apparent acquisition of fear of snakes is an example of: A) modeling. B) response discrimination. C) escape response. D) stimulus generalization.
A
Devon is being treated for anxiety. He is connected to an instrument that records muscle tension. His job is to try to reduce muscle tension. This is an example of: A) biofeedback training. B) EMG training. C) relaxation training. D) self-instruction training.
A
Disadvantages of taking benzodiazepines include all of the following EXCEPT: A) lack of sleep, increased anxiety, and passivity. B) return of anxiety symptoms when the medication is withdrawn. C) impairment in cognitive and psychomotor functioning. D) physical dependence on the drug.
A
Every once in a while, Ona feels nervous to the point of terror. It seems to come on suddenly and randomly. Her experience is an example of a(n): A) panic disorder. B) phobic disorder. C) generalized anxiety disorder. D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
A
Evidence in support of the biological understanding of generalized anxiety is supported by the finding that: A) relatives of people with generalized anxiety are more likely to have it than nonrelatives. B) distant relatives of those with generalized anxiety are more likely to have it than close relatives. C) relatives share not only biological characteristics, but also similar environments. D) identical twins have more similar environments than fraternal twins.
A
Fear differs from anxiety in that: A) fear is to a specific threat and anxiety is more general. B) anxiety is more likely to lead to aggression than is fear. C) anxiety is to an interpersonal threat and fear is to an inanimate threat. D) anxiety is an immediate response; fear is more vague.
A
For an antidepressant to be effective against obsessive-compulsive disorder, it must: A) increase serotonin activity. B) decrease serotonin activity. C) increase norepinephrine activity. D) decrease norepinephrine activity.
A
Generalized anxiety disorder is MORE common: A) in African Americans than in white Americans. B) in men than in women. C) years after rather than immediately after traumatic events. D) in wealthy people than in poor people
A
How strong is the evidence supporting the usefulness of client-centered therapy for those with generalized anxiety disorder? A) not very strong: case reports of client-centered therapy's usefulness are not strongly supported by controlled studies B) not very strong: controlled studies of client-centered therapy's usefulness are not strongly supported by case reports C) very strong in both case reports and controlled studies D) very weak in both case reports and controlled studies.
A
If the idea of "preparedness" is accurate, then: A) some phobias should be acquired more easily than others. B) all phobias should diminish—with treatment—at about the same rate. C) animals and humans should have the same phobias. D) phobias should be less frequent in modern than ancient times.
A
If you really wanted to impress your friends, you would refer to "hair-pulling disorder" by the scientific name: A) trichotillomania. B) musomania. C) traumatomania. D) gephyromania.
A
If you were afraid of dogs and your therapist treated you by interacting with dogs while you watched, you would be receiving: A) modeling. B) flooding. C) systematic desensitization. D) biofeedback.
A
Leila always feels threatened and anxious—imagining something awful is about to happen. But she is able to work and care for her family, although not as well as she would like. Leila is probably experiencing: A) a generalized anxiety disorder. B) a hormonal imbalance. C) no specific problem; she just likes to worry. D) a specific fear response.
A
Of the following, the BEST description of the "avoidance theory of generalized anxiety disorder" is: A) worrying serves to reduce bodily arousal. B) worry interferes with our ability to cope with life. C) worrying keeps the focus on emotions, not cognitions. D) worrying is an uncontrollable part of life.
A
Panic disorder appears to be related to abnormal activity of which neurotransmitter? A) norepinephrine B) epinephrine C) serotonin D) endorphin
A
People who have a biological vulnerability for anxiety that is brought to the surface by social/psychological factors develop generalized anxiety disorders, according to the: A) diathesis-stress model. B) psychodynamic model. C) cognitive-behavioral model. D) evolutionary perspective.
A
People with one anxiety disorder are MOST likely to: A) experience another anxiety disorder, too. B) experience only that one anxiety disorder. C) experience another nonanxiety disorder. D) experience hallucinations.
A
Psychodynamic therapies as a treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorders: A) appear to work better when used in short-term rather than traditional ways. B) must avoid pointing out the client's defense mechanisms. C) work on intensifying the underlying conflict. D) do not interpret the client's behavior.
A
Rosa's heart was racing (from the four cups of coffee she had just finished), but she thought she might be having a heart attack. Her fear seemed to be increasing without end. This might be the beginning of a: A) panic attack. B) manic episode. C) specific phobia. D) social phobia.
A
Someone interested in the effects of social change, poverty, and race on the risk for generalized anxiety disorders probably represents the ______ perspective. A) sociocultural B) psychodynamic C) humanistic-existential D) cognitive
A
Steve is afraid of eating in public, expecting to be judged negatively and to feel humiliated. As a result, he always makes up excuses when asked out to eat. His diagnosis would probably be: A) a social phobia. B) a specific phobia. C) generalized anxiety disorder. D) posttraumatic stress disorder
A
The most appropriate motto for someone with generalized anxiety disorder is: A) "Better safe than sorry." B) "Life's a gamble; give it your best shot." C) "When you reach the mountaintop, it's hard to come back down." D) "Nothing ventured, nothing gained."
A
What do obsessions and compulsions have in common? A) Both are used to deal with or ward off anxiety. B) Both arise out of an excessively strong superego. C) Both involve rituals. D) Both are a normal part of life for the average person.
A
Which of the following behavior patterns is NOT listed in the DSM-5 as an obsessive-compulsive-related disorder? A) agoraphobia B) body dysmorphic disorder C) trichotillomania D) hoarding disorder
A
Which of the following is TRUE about specific phobias? A) Each year about 9 percent of people in the United States suffer from a phobia. B) Men are more likely than women to have phobias. C) There do not appear to be racial differences in the incidence of phobias. D) Most people with phobias seek treatment.
A
Which of the following is an example of a specific social anxiety? A) fear of public speaking B) fear of snakes C) fear of tornados when a tornado warning is in effect D) fear of generally functioning poorly in front of others
A
Which of the following reflects the MOST common obsessive thought? A) If I touch that doorknob, I will be dirty and contaminated. B) I must make sure that the brochures are folded evenly. C) I can hardly stop myself from yelling sexual obscenities in class. D) I hope that person dies a long, slow death.
A
Which of the following statements is MOST accurate? A) Long-term anxiety is related to poor GABA reception. B) Long-term anxiety causes poor GABA reception. C) Poor GABA reception causes long-term anxiety. D) Neurotransmitter deficiencies cause long-term anxiety and poor GABA reception.
A
Which of the following therapies is an effective long-term, nonpharmacological treatment for panic attack that involves teaching patients to interpret their physical sensations accurately? A) cognitive B) behavioral C) humanistic D) psychodynamic
A
Which one of these descriptors would be LEAST likely to describe someone experiencing obsessive-compulsive disorder, according to the cognitive perspective? A) Let the good times roll. Don't worry about tomorrow. B) I'm a bit of a control freak. C) It seems that I am always more "down" than my friends. D) I'm having a bit of trouble separating my thoughts from reality. I'm afraid if I think it, it will actually happen.
A
While walking through a forest during a rainstorm, 5-year-old Samir was almost struck by lightning. Today, as an adult, he is extremely afraid of trees. What is the conditioned stimulus in the example? A) the trees B) the lightning C) the rain storm D) the feelings of fear
A
You notice someone who is sweating, experiencing shortness of breath, choking, feeling dizzy, and is afraid of dying. If it is not a heart attack, but an indicator of anxiety disorder, it is probably a: A) panic attack. B) phobia. C) obsessive-compulsive response. D) posttraumatic disorder.
A
"Your worries? They're only thoughts. Don't try to stop them, but recognize that they're thoughts, and don't let them upset you so much." This statement MOST likely would come from someone using which form of therapy for generalized anxiety disorder? A) rational-emotive therapy B) mindfulness-based cognitive therapy C) intolerance of uncertainty therapy D) biofeedback
B
A comprehensive approach that involves several techniques in treating anxiety disorders is called: A) systematic desensitization. B) a stress management program. C) preparedness. D) drug therapy.
B
A friend asks you whether to try relaxation training or biofeedback to reduce anxiety. Based on present research, your best answer is: A) "Try something else; neither one works very well." B) "Try either one; they're about equally effective." C) "Try relaxation training; biofeedback doesn't work." D) "Try biofeedback; relaxation doesn't work."
B
A friend asks you, "I've been diagnosed with social anxiety disorder, and my therapist wants me to use drug therapy, not psychological therapy. What do you think?" Based on current research, your BEST answer would be: A) "That's the best advice your therapist could have given." B) "Some therapists think psychological therapy should always be used, even with drug therapy; there's less chance of relapse." C) "Drug therapy works especially well in combination with short-term psychodynamic therapy; cognitive-behavioral therapies don't help much." D) "Unfortunately, no therapy works very well in the long run for most people with social anxiety disorder."
B
A neurologist who was working with a person with obsessive-compulsive disorder would be suspicious of abnormality in what region of the brain? A) hypothalamus B) caudate nuclei C) cerebral cortex D) temporal lobe
B
A person recently was diagnosed with social anxiety disorder. If this is all the information you have, your BEST guess is that the person is in: A) elementary school, and is more likely than average to have a close relative with social anxiety disorder. B) high school, and is more likely than average to have a close relative with social anxiety disorder. C) elementary school, and is less likely than average to have a close relative with social anxiety disorder. D) high school, and less likely than average to have a close relative with social anxiety disorder.
B
A person who believes that it is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way he or she would like them to be is displaying: A) metaworry. B) irrational assumptions. C) compulsion. D) conditions of worth.
B
A person who believes that one should be thoroughly competent, adequate, and achieving in all possible aspects is displaying: A) metaworry. B) irrational assumptions. C) compulsion. D) conditions of worth.
B
A person who experiences unpredictable panic attacks combined with dysfunctional behavior and thoughts is probably experiencing: A) typical panic attacks. B) panic disorder. C) physiological damage. D) a normal response to stress.
B
A phobic person is exposed to computer graphics that simulate real-world situations. This is an example of the ______ technique A) covert B) virtual reality. C) fear hierarchical flooding D) in vivo
B
According to DSM-5 one must demonstrate which of the following set of symptoms in order to be diagnosed with General Anxiety Disorder? A) excessive worry for two months, restlessness, behavior changes, distress B) excessive worry for three months, restlessness, behavior changes, distress C) excessive worry for four months, restlessness, behavior changes, distress D) excessive worry for five months, restlessness, behavior changes, distress
B
According to Freud, a generalized anxiety disorder is MOST likely to result when: A) a person does not dream, and thus has no outlet for anxiety. B) defense mechanisms are too weak to cope with anxiety. C) a person never has a chance to experience trauma. D) defense mechanisms are too strong.
B
According to Freud, children who are prevented from expressing id impulses—making mud pies, playing war, and exploring their genitals—are at risk for developing: A) realistic anxiety. B) neurotic anxiety. C) moral anxiety. D) existential anxiety.
B
According to Freud, obsessive-compulsive disorders have their origin in the ______ development: A) oral B) anal C) phallic D) genital
B
According to behavioral theory, specific learned fears become a generalized anxiety disorder through the process of: A) modeling. B) stimulus generalization. C) stimulus discrimination. D) response prevention.
B
According to cognitive theorists, people experiencing anxiety sensitivity: A) are oblivious to body sensations. B) are unable to assess bodily sensations accurately. C) interpret bodily sensations as abnormally pleasant. D) confuse physical and emotional sensations.
B
According to the psychodynamic perspective, if someone keeps engaging in immoral sexual behavior and repeatedly scrubs his or her face and hands in response to those thoughts: A) the scrubbing represents a healthy coping response. B) the immoral images represent id impulses. C) the superego is helping the person to avoid id impulses. D) ego defenses are not present.
B
All of the following are biological treatments for generalized anxiety EXCEPT: A) antianxiety drugs. B) rational emotive therapy. C) relaxation training. D) biofeedback.
B
An intense, persistent, and irrational fear that is accompanied by a compelling desire to avoid the object of the fear to the point of interfering with the life of the person is called: A) panic disorder. B) phobic disorder. C) obsessive-compulsive disorder. D) generalized anxiety disorder.
B
An obsessive-compulsive person who was told that everyone was required to wear shoes at all times in the house and not to vacuum for a week, would be experiencing what therapy procedures? A) family therapy B) exposure and response prevention C) reinforcement for compulsive behavior D) free association
B
Antidepressants and alprazolam (Xanax) have been found to be successful in treating: A) phobias. B) panic disorders. C) generalized anxiety disorders. D) obsessive-compulsive disorders.
B
GABA is related to: A) increased neuronal firing in the brain. B) doubling the speed of neuronal firing. C) intensifying the strength of neuronal firing. D) inhibiting neuronal firing in the brain.
B
Harry is terrified of the snakes that his 8-year-old son brings home. During his therapy, his therapist demonstrated how to handle them. This is a form of therapy based on: A) flooding. B) modeling. C) implosive techniques. D) covert desensitization.
B
If I believe that it is a dire necessity for me to be loved or approved by everyone and that it is catastrophic if things are not the way I want them, I am displaying basic: A) existential anxiety. B) irrational assumptions. C) moral anxiety. D) conditions of worth.
B
If you wanted a drug to improve the functioning of GABA, you would choose: A) a drug that increased neuronal firing speed. B) a benzodiazepine. C) any of the antidepressants. D) a drug that works on the endocrine level rather than the neuron level.
B
In modeling, the client: A) confronts the feared object directly. B) observes the therapist confronting the feared object. C) imagines the therapist confronting the feared object. D) imagines himself or herself confronting the feared object.
B
More women than men experience all of the following disorders EXCEPT: A) generalized anxiety disorder. B) obsessive-compulsive disorder. C) social anxiety disorder. D) specific phobia.
B
Of the following, those LEAST likely to experience specific phobias are: A) white American females. B) white American males. C) Hispanic American females. D) Hispanic American males.
B
One of the drawbacks of exposure and response prevention as a therapy is that it: A) has a more than 50 percent relapse rate. B) is less effective with clients with obsessions but no compulsions. C) is less effective with clients who have both obsessions and compulsions. D) does not result in more improvement in obsessive-compulsive clients than do other cognitive-behavioral therapies.
B
One procedure used to treat phobic disorders involves having the therapist confront the feared object or situation while the fearful client observes. This is called: A) flooding. B) modeling. C) implosive therapy. D) systematic desensitization.
B
Pairing the thought of feared objects and relaxation training is: A) implosive therapy. B) systematic desensitization. C) experimental extinction. D) self-instruction training.
B
People who experience obsessions show: A) typical levels of worry about real problems. B) thoughts that are intrusive and foreign to them. C) thoughts that they can easily ignore and resist. D) a lack of awareness that the thoughts are inappropriate.
B
Psychodynamic and humanistic therapies have in common: A) their understanding of how generalized anxiety develops and can be treated. B) their lack of strong support from controlled studies. C) their reliance on a rather harsh, confrontational therapeutic style. D) their use of multidisciplinary therapists who work exclusively in group settings.
B
Research has supported all of the following behavioral assumptions EXCEPT that: A) fear can be acquired through modeling. B) phobias are always acquired through classical conditioning in humans. C) animals can learn to make avoidance responses. D) phobias can be acquired through classical conditioning in humans.
B
Someone who believes that among our ancestors, those who feared animals, darkness, and heights were more likely to survive long enough to reproduce, represents the ______ explanation of the development of phobias. A) environmental B) evolutionary C) empirical D) externalized
B
Someone with skin-picking disorder would be LEAST likely to pick skin in which area of the body? A) face B) abdomen C) arms D) legs
B
The MOST common mental disorders in the United States are the: A) mood disorders. B) anxiety disorders. C) personality disorders. D) sexual disorders.
B
The drug treatment that is MOST effective in treating panic disorders is like that used to treat: A) schizophrenia. B) depression. C) bipolar disorder. D) generalized anxiety.
B
The first step in systematic desensitization treatment is: A) role playing. B) relaxation training. C) construction of a fear hierarchy. D) graded pairings with the phobic object.
B
The most current research we have suggests that reductions in activity levels in the caudate nuclei among people with obsessive-compulsive disorder result from: A) the associated reduction in serotonin levels in the brain. B) both medications and cognitive-behavioral therapies. C) one's initial level of caudate nuclei activity—those with high levels maintain them. D) an artifact in the research protocol related to the length of time the person has had the diagnosis.
B
The therapy for generalized anxiety disorder developed by Albert Ellis is called: A) behavior modification. B) rational-emotive therapy. C) self-instruction training. D) stress inoculation training.
B
When someone checks the stove 10 times to make sure it is turned off before leaving in the morning, that person is exhibiting a(n): A) obsession. B) compulsion. C) panic attack. D) phobia.
B
Which of the following is a nondrug biological treatment for anxiety that is in general use today? A) psychoanalysis B) relaxation therapy C) behavior modification D) rational-emotive therapy
B
Your abnormal-psychology instructor asks in class, "What kinds of treatments are commonly used to treat obsessive-compulsive-related disorders?" Confidently (and accurately), you reply: A) "client-centered therapies and exposure therapies." B) "exposure therapies and antidepressant drugs." C) "antidepressant drugs and biofeedback." D) "biofeedback and relaxation training."
B
Your fear of spiders is debilitating because you are an entomologist. To treat this phobia, your therapist puts you in a room with spiders, even asking you to handle them. This technique might be used in: A) modeling. B) flooding. C) covert desensitization. D) systematic desensitization.
B
"Everyone has intrusive and unwanted thoughts. Most people ignore them. But some people blame themselves and expect terrible consequences, so they act in ways they hope will neutralize the thoughts." The type of theorist MOST likely to agree with this quote would be a: A) psychodynamic theorist. B) behaviorist. C) cognitive theorist. D) biologist.
C
"Who wouldn't be afraid all the time? We have the bomb, overpopulation, AIDS, and violent crime everywhere. It is difficult to get a good job unless you understand all that complicated computer junk." This complaint is consistent with a ______ explanation of generalized anxiety disorder. A) behavioral B) humanistic C) sociocultural D) psychodynamic
C
A woman you know constantly avoids crowded streets and buildings, and she is very reluctant to leave home, even with a friend. Recently, she has started experiencing extreme, sudden fear every time she enters a crowded street. MOST likely, this woman would be diagnosed with: A) panic attacks. B) panic disorder. C) agoraphobia and panic disorder. D) agoraphobia.
C
According to Freud, children who are severely and repeatedly punished for expressing their id impulses may develop: A) realistic anxiety. B) neurotic anxiety. C) moral anxiety. D) existential anxiety.
C
According to cognitive theorists, compulsive acts serve to A) reinforce. B) increase. C) neutralize . D) clarify.
C
Agoraphobia is the fear of: A) flying. B) public speaking. C) open spaces or crowds. D) spiders.
C
Exposure and response prevention as treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A) changes behavior in the clinic, but doesn't carry over to home and the workplace. B) works only in about 25 percent of those who are treated with it. C) shows improvement that often continues indefinitely. D) is only effective in a group setting.
C
If you criticized everything you did, looking for flaws, and never could measure up to your personal standards, you would be exhibiting what Rogers called: A) empathy. B) unconditional positive regard. C) conditions of worth. D) moral anxiety.
C
If you were taking an antidepressant that increases levels of serotonin and improves brain function for symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, you could expect that: A) it wouldn't be very effective. B) it would lead to immediate, and long-lasting relief of symptoms. C) it would lead to short-term relief, but relapse would occur if you stopped the medication. D) adding cognitive therapies would help relieve symptoms in the short term, but not in the long term.
C
If your therapist gave you homework that required you to challenge your faulty assumptions and replace them with healthier ones, the therapist would be using: A) cognitive-existential therapy. B) client-centered therapy. C) rational-emotive therapy. D) interpersonal-physiotherapy.
C
Imagine that someone yells "Fire!" in a crowded theater, and audience members begin to try to leave the building. Some "panic," and begin pushing their way blindly through other people to an exit. This form of "panic" is: A) rare, but similar to the panic those with panic disorder experience. B) rare, and very different from the panic those with panic disorder experience. C) common, and similar to the panic those with panic disorder experience. D) common, but very different from the panic those with panic disorder experience
C
Imagine that you are being treated for a social anxiety disorder. Your therapist watches you act out a social scene, points out what you did correctly and incorrectly, and praises you for what you did well. Which behavioral technique did your therapist NOT use? A) role play B) feedback C) modeling D) reinforcement
C
In order to determine if a person's fear of snakes is severe enough to be categorized as a phobia, you could: A) show him a snake; if he appears to be very uncomfortable, he most likely has a phobia. B) show him a snake; if he appears to be very uncomfortable, he most likely has a fear. C) ask him if anxiety about snakes interferes with daily living; if he says "yes," he most likely has a phobia. D) ask him if anxiety about snakes interferes with daily living; if he says "yes," he most likely has a fear.
C
Little Karen was bitten by a tan pony she was riding at a carnival. The experience left her hurt and frightened. The next month she was visiting her uncle, who had a tan Great Dane (dog). It frightened her even though she had never had a bad experience with a dog. Karen's fear of this dog is an example of: A) response discrimination. B) modeling. C) stimulus generalization. D) vicarious reinforcement.
C
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: A) has not received much support at all in therapy applications. B) receives support in therapy applications, but its usefulness is limited to treating generalized anxiety disorder. C) receives support in therapy applications for a wide range of disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder. D) is so new that no one is sure of its treatment applicability.
C
My office is a mess; graded tests are in piles on my desk, overflowing bookshelves line the walls, and research materials from years ago occupy boxes on the floor. If I am experiencing a diagnosable disorder, it would MOST likely be in what category? A) social anxiety disorders B) panic disorders C) obsessive-compulsive-related disorders D) specific phobias
C
One limitation of the sociocultural approach to understanding generalized anxiety disorders is that it cannot explain: A) the paradox that as poverty gets worse, generalized anxiety declines. B) the relationship between race, poverty, and job opportunity. C) why everyone who experiences danger doesn't experience generalized anxiety. D) the differences in generalized anxiety in countries around the world.
C
People who experience a positive event, get excited, breath harder, and have an increase in their heart rate, then interpret the symptoms as a heart attack, are experiencing what cognitive theorists call: A) biological challenge. B) behavioral inhibition. C) anxiety sensitivity. D) exposure relapse.
C
Religious rituals and superstitious behavior (such as not stepping on cracks) would be considered a compulsive behavior: A) when done to provide comfort and reduce tension. B) when done more than once a day. C) when they interfere with daily function and cause distress. D) never.
C
Research by cognitive theorists on the topic of social anxiety disorder has shown support for the prevalence of all of the following among those with this diagnosis, EXCEPT: A) repeatedly reviewing social events after they have occurred. B) thinking they have social flaws, which leads to anxiety. C) underestimating how badly the social event went. D) overestimating how badly things might go during the social event.
C
Research on the cognitive explanation for the development of generalized anxiety shows that people with generalized anxiety symptoms: A) respond more fearfully to predictable than to unpredictable events. B) fail to pay attention to threatening cues. C) overestimate their chances of being harmed. D) show little physiological arousal to stress.
C
Sally is never sure of the right thing to do. She married Tod and has been wondering for years if that was the right decision. She is exhibiting: A) a compulsion. B) obsessive ideas. C) obsessive doubts. D) obsessive images.
C
Sam can't leave for work without going back into his house and making sure that he has taken all of his writing materials. He does this several times before he allows himself to start the car and drive to work. He is frequently late for work because he is so unsure about remembering everything. Sam is displaying: A) agoraphobia. B) an obsession. C) a checking compulsion. D) nonpathological caution.
C
Someone who believes that experiences teach us early in life that certain objects are legitimate sources of fear represents the ______ explanation of the development of phobias. A) empirical B) evolutionary C) environmental D) ecological
C
Someone you know who has body dysmorphic disorder is considering plastic surgery. Based on available research, what is your BEST advice? A) "Do it! Plastic surgery typically relieves body dysphoric symptoms." B) "Think about it. Although plastic surgery usually helps, it's pretty expensive." C) "Be careful. Often, people who have plastic surgery for body dysphoric disorder actually feel worse afterwards." D) "Don't do it! Studies show that almost one-third of people who have plastic surgery for body dysphoric disorder later attempt suicide."
C
Teaching people to accept their worries and live in the present moment—mindfulness therapy—is MOST consistent with which theoretical approach? A) psychodynamic B) biological C) cognitive D)
C
The cognitive explanation for panic disorders is that people who have them: A) have relatives who are atypically anxious. B) are prone to allergies and have immune deficiencies. C) misinterpret bodily sensations. D) experience more stress than average.
C
The phobia MOST often associated with panic disorder is: A) claustrophobia. B) acrophobia. C) agoraphobia. D) metrophobia.
C
The proportion of panic-attack sufferers who are helped at least somewhat by antidepressant drugs is about: A) 40 percent. B) 60 percent. C) 80 percent. D) almost 100percent.
C
The therapy Eliot is receiving emphasizes dealing with his compulsions, but not his obsessions. In addition, he does "homework" in the form of self-help procedures between therapy sessions. Most likely, Eliot is receiving which kind of therapy? A) psychodynamic B) psychodynamic, with therapist interpretation C) behavioral D) cognitive
C
Those who are anxious unless their books are perfectly lined up on their desks and who must eat the food on their plates in a balanced order are exhibiting a: A) checking compulsion. B) counting compulsion. C) balance compulsion. D) cleaning compulsion.
C
Until recently, the evidence that generalized anxiety disorder is related to biological factors came largely from: A) drug studies. B) clinical interviews. C) family pedigree studies. D) neurological studies
C
What is one important way obsessions and compulsions are related? A) Compulsions are a way to prevent obsessions from occurring. B) Obsessions generally lead to violent or immoral compulsions. C) Compulsions help people control their obsessions. D) Obsessions are not related to compulsions.
C
What type of drug is alprazolam (Xanax)? A) antipsychotic B) antidepressant C) benzodiazepine D) major tranquilizer
C
When I was a young child and watching TV with my mother, a mouse ran by. My mother screamed, scaring me. Subsequently, I have been afraid of mice. In this example, the mouse is the: A) conditioned response. B) unconditioned response. C) conditioned stimulus. D) unconditioned stimulus.
C
When he was 5 years old, Samir was almost struck by lightning while walking through a forest during a rainstorm. Today, he is extremely afraid of trees. A behaviorist would say that he has acquired this fear by: A) operant conditioning. B) modeling and imitation. C) classical conditioning. D) stimulus generalization.
C
Which of the following convinces researchers that panic disorder is biologically different from generalized anxiety disorder? A) differences in the way the amygdala works in each disorder B) differences in the alarm and escape response in the brain C) differences in the brain circuitry in the two disorders D) differences in the heritability of the two disorders
C
Which of the following is TRUE about drug and cognitive treatments for panic disorder? A) Drug treatments are significantly more effective, especially early in the disorder. B) Cognitive treatment is more effective over time, even if the person continues to take medication. C) Both drug treatments and cognitive treatments are effective. D) Neither drug treatments nor cognitive treatments show much promise.
C
Which of the following statements accurately reflects what we know from recent studies? A) Phobias are always a result of classical conditioning. B) Phobias are almost always a result of classical conditioning. C) Phobias ordinarily are a result of classical conditioning. D) Phobias may be a result of classical conditioning.
C
Which one of the following is the BEST example of a broad social anxiety? A) unwillingness to eat in front of others B) fear of public speaking C) apprehension about being evaluated by others D) anxiety about walking in front of others
C
Which theoretical position explains the origin of phobias as due to classical conditioning? A) biological B) sociocultural C) behavioral D) psychodynamic
C
Which theory states that people develop generalized anxiety disorders because they failed to receive unconditional positive regard as children and evaluate themselves with conditions of worth? A) Pavlov's conditioning theory B) Freud's psychoanalytic theory C) Rogers' client-centered theory D) Ellis's rational-emotive theory
C
"Phobic and generalized anxiety disorders arise when people stop looking at themselves honestly and with acceptance and instead deny and distort their true thoughts, emotions, and behavior." This explanation for anxiety disorders would MOST likely be offered by: A) behaviorists. B) cognitive theorists. C) sociocultural theorists. D) humanistic theorists.
D
A clinician who is not up-to-date uses the term "excessive behaviors" to describe a category of disorder. According to the DSM-5, that category is now called: A) body dysmorphic disorders. B) panic disorders. C) social anxiety disorders. D) obsessive-compulsive-related disorders.
D
A friend asks you, "You're taking an abnormal psychology course; what's the MOST effective treatment for social anxiety disorder?" Your BEST research-based answer is: A) "Antidepressant medication eliminates symptoms faster, and for at least as long, as the best psychotherapy." B) "Antianxiety medication eliminates symptoms faster than the best psychotherapy." C) "The best psychotherapy eliminates symptoms as fast, but not as long, as the best drug therapy." D) "The best psychotherapy eliminates symptoms as fast, and longer, than the best drug therapy."
D
A phobic person is taken to a snake-handling convention in order to actually confront snakes as part of desensitization training. This is an example of the ______ technique. A) covert B) modeling C) fear hierarchical D) in vivo
D
A professor who puts on rubber gloves before grading papers and religiously avoids any contact with the hands of students is exhibiting a(n): A) cleaning compulsion. B) checking compulsion. C) order compulsion. D) touching compulsion.
D
A psychodynamic theorist finds that a client is experiencing a battle between anxiety- provoking id impulses and anxiety-reducing ego defense mechanisms. She thinks that this usually unconscious conflict is being played out in an open and obvious manner. She is sure this underlying conflict explains her client's: A) fugue state. B) schizophrenia. C) generalized anxiety disorder. D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D
According to current research, using relaxation training to treat generalized anxiety disorder is: A) the best treatment available. B) simply not effective. C) better than similar treatments such as meditation. D) better than nothing, and about as effective as meditation.
D
Antidepressant drugs are frequently effective in treating panic attacks. This may mean that the disorder is related to levels of the neurotransmitter: A) GABA. B) dopamine. C) acetylcholine. D) norepinephrine.
D
Apparently, people develop phobias more readily to such objects as spiders and the dark than they do to such objects as computers and radios. This observation supports the idea of: A) modeling. B) stimulus generalization. C) conditioning. D) preparedness.
D
Cognitive theorists have found that people who develop obsessive-compulsive disorder also: A) have a lower rate of depression. B) have lower standards of conduct and morality. C) believe it is impossible and undesirable to have control over everything. D) believe their thoughts are capable of causing harm to themselves or others.
D
GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter believed to be involved in reducing the excitability of neurons in the brain, has been implicated in the etiology of: A) schizophrenia. B) panic disorder. C) conversion disorder. D) generalized anxiety disorder.
D
How do phobias and common fear differ? A) A fear more dramatically interferes with one's life. B) A phobia is less intense. C) A fear lasts longer. D) A phobia leads to a greater desire to avoid the object.
D
If you live in a city, you own your home, and you pay taxes, you are LEAST likely to experience which of the following events next year? A) having a house fire B) being audited by the IRS C) being the victim of a violent crime D) being diagnosed with cancer
D
Imagine that researchers investigating panic disorder gave you a drug that caused you to hyperventilate and your heart to beat rapidly. You would have been given a(n): A) in vivo test. B) modeling test. C) covert sensitization test. D) biological challenge test.
D
In terms of cognitive theories explaining generalized anxiety disorder, a good deal of research supports: A) only metacognitive theory. B) only intolerance of uncertainty theory. C) neither metacognitive theory nor intolerance of uncertainty theory. D) both metacognitive theory and intolerance of uncertainty theory.
D
Jan is very fearful of speaking in public and will do everything she can to avoid being evaluated by others, which causes her significant impairment. The MOST accurate diagnosis would be: A) agoraphobia. B) specific phobia. C) panic disorder. D) social anxiety disorder.
D
Luis and Ted both get racing hearts once in a while. When it happens to Ted, he panics and thinks he is going to die. Gradually, he has developed these panic attacks if he even thinks that his heart is beating strongly. When Luis's heart starts beating strongly, he looks to his current activity to understand what is producing the sensations (hard work). Ted apparently has a high degree of: A) fear. B) anxiety. C) obsessive imagery. D) anxiety sensitivity
D
Raphael was just outside the parking garage of the World Trade Center when the explosion occurred. At the time he was terrified and had visions of the building falling on him. Ever since the bombing he has had periods of anxiety and sleeplessness. This is an example of a: A) panic disorder. B) phobic disorder. C) generalized anxiety disorder. D) posttraumatic stress disorder.
D
Someone you know has "tanorexia," and constantly tries to achieve a darker complexion through sun and tanning booth exposure. The MOST accurate diagnosis for this person is: A) body dysmorphic disorder. B) tanorexia (this is a legitimate obsessive-compulsive-related disorders diagnosis). C) heliomania. D) no diagnosis; "tanorexia" is not yet considered a DSM disorder.
D
When I was a young child and watching TV with my mother, a mouse ran by. My mother screamed, scaring me. Subsequently, I have been afraid of mice. In this example, my mother's scream is the: A) conditioned response. B) unconditioned response. C) conditioned stimulus. D) unconditioned stimulus.
D
Which of the following brain areas have been implicated in obsessive-compulsive symptoms? A) the frontal lobes and the thalamus B) the thalamus and the hypothalamus C) the motor cortex and the caudate nuclei D) the orbitofrontal cortex and the caudate nuclei
D
Which of the following is NOT usually true of those with body dysmorphic disorder? A) They are concerned about a particular part of their body. B) They reduce contacts with others. C) About half seek surgical or dermatological treatments. D) Most disorder-spe
D
Which of the following is an anxiety disorder? A) schizophrenia B) bipolar disorder C) major depression D) obsessive-compulsive disorder
D
Which of the following is an example of a metaworry? A) worry about all possible signs of danger B) worry about not worrying enough C) thinking about worrying D) worrying about worrying
D
Which of the following medications works primarily by enhancing GABA? A) antidepressants B) antipsychotics C) immunosuppressants D) benzodiazepines
D
Which one of the following statements about the use of antidepressants, such as Xanax, to treat a panic disorder is MOST accurate? A) Antianxiety drugs are preferred over antidepressants. B) The drugs must be taken "as needed" rather than on a regular schedule. C) The drugs are effective for only about 25 percent of the people who take them. D) For the drugs to be effective, one has to keep taking them, even when symptoms are lessened.
D
Which theoretical position explains the origin of anxiety disorders as the overrun of defense mechanisms by neurotic or moral anxiety? A) the behavioral approach B) the humanistic approach C) the sociocultural approach D) the psychodynamic approach
D
You are suffering from arachnophobia. Your therapist first has you go through relaxation training, then has you construct a fear hierarchy and, finally, has you go through a phase of graded pairings of spiders and relaxation responses. This approach is called: A) modeling. B) flooding. C) implosive therapy. D) systematic desensitization.
D