Intro To World Politics Exam 3

What percentage of refugees are children?

About 50%

Who are tier 1 hackers

"Carier" level actors. An elite few countries

What are the four choices someone has when they discover a zero day

(1) Disclose: tell the vendor (white hat purpose is to ensure security; black hat purpose is to get paid) (2) Limited Use ex: smart TV cameras (3) Unlimited use: watching the world burn (4) Horde: Save for a rainy day

What did Romeo Dallaire say about the R2P in his interview with the Hague Institute for Global Justice?

(1)It is there; people know about it (2) Countries are still too hung up with self interest (3) It is not operationalized because there is no political will to want to apply it on purely humanitarian grounds

The attack on the US power system simulated by Lloyds of London was assumed to be a Tier ___________ cyberattack.

1

In 2019 a US business was locked out of all of its files and ordered to pay hackers in bitcoin in order to regain access to their files. This was a Tier ________ cyberattack.

2

How much of the Soviet Industrial enterprise system was dedicated to Biopreparat

2/3

How many zero days were used in stuxnet

4

Internet definition

A network of networks

Hardware definition

A physical device (ex disk drives)

Network definition

A set of connected computers

Software definition

A set of logical instructions, firefox, Linux, Android

What is a weapon of mass destruction defined as

A weapon that can kill and bring significant harm to a large number of humans or cause great damage to human-made structures, natural structures or the biosphere

What viruses did the Japanese weaponize

Anthrax, Dysentary, Cholera, Plague

What are 8 viruses the Soviets weaponized

Anthrax, Plague, smallpox, Marburg, Lassa fever, Tularemia, Typhus, Machupo

Name 6 examples of mass political violence

Argentina, Cambodia, Bosnia, Guatemala, Sri Lanka, The DRC

What did Soviet leaders do concerning the bioweapons program as it collapsed

Attempted to keep production ready for resurrection - example of Defection

The breakup of Yugoslavia is known as "balkanization." In which former Yugoslav territory was a genocide committed?

Bosnia

What is the Tristate of cyber weapons

CLANDESTINE: kept secret or done secretively COVERT: not openly acknowledged or displayed STRATEGIC: done for use against industrial areas and communication centers of enemy territory as a long term military objective

______________ is a market-based solution to environmental challenges such as acid rain or carbon emissions.

Cap and Trade

Which of the following is an example of a stateless nation?

Chechnya

What is your legal status in the world?

Citizenship

Rights that are attached to citizenship and provided and protected by state governments are __________

Civil rights

How did Stuxnet get onto the air-gapped Iranian nuclear computer networks?

Contaminated USB keys

What is a blackhat hacker

Contributes to their own well being, not the well being of the whose

Who are tier 2 hackers

Corporate and financially motivated attackers

List a few different methods used for delivering weaponized strains

Crop dusters, bombers, warheads, missiles

In 2005 the international community failed to respond to ethnic cleansing in ________ despite Google's attempts to bring attention to the humanitarian crisis that was unfolding.

Darfur

The USSR endorsed the biological weapons convention and supported the eradication of smallpox, but then developed a massive offensive biological weapons program with a weaponized form of smallpox in its arsenal. This is an example of

Defection

The United States maintains a ______________ biological weapons system.

Defensive

What was the significance of US defensive testing of biological weapons

Defensive testing often yields offensive results

What are three goals of the UN Millennium Development Goal?

Eradicate Poverty and Hunger, Promote Environmental Sustainability, Improve Maternal Health

Most trafficked people are _______

Female

What was the Soviet strategy against the US and NATO in the Cold War for Bioweapon strikes and when was this strategy at its most critical point

First Strike; Reagan era

The Economist Intelligence Unit's Democracy Index categorized the US as a __________ in 2019.

Flawed Democracy

Many schools closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but continued to deliver breakfast and lunch to students in their districts in an effort to support which element of human security?

Food

Which of the following countries has the lowest Gini Coefficient for income inequality? (China, South Africa, the U.S., Germany)

Germany

Significance of the eradication of smallpox

Great triumph for liberal institutionalism, one of the greatest moments of international cooperation, Soviets show realism by weaponizing smallpox after its eradication

States tend to prioritize ________ over __________

Guns over butter

What disease did the Soviets fail to weaponize and why?

HIV - it had too long of an incubation period

What was Eichmann's role in the Holocaust?

He made the train schedules

During the Covid-19 pandemic many questions arose regarding the cost of and access to vaccination, testing, and treatment. These concerns are related to which aspect of human security?

Health and Security

Has the threat of biological attack increased or decreased

Increased, bioweaponization knowledge has spread to rogue regimes and terrorist groups and are easy to make, easy to use, and cheap weapons.

Who was the target of Stuxnet

Iran, specifically its centrifuges in Natanz and the contamination of its enriched products

The Stuxnet cyberweapon was assumed to be developed by who?

Israel and the United States

What is a zero day

It is a vulnerability that is not yet generally known to exist, meaning it is essentially zero days old

What gave the Soviets most of its information on bioweapons

Japanese Germ warfare called Water Purification Unit 731

Patriotism is what?

Love for your country

How did genetic weaponization change in the 1980s

Made peptides and myelin toxins potential weapons; important because using chemicals the body produces allowed weaponized agents to be hidden and untraceable in the body

Alibek maintains that the _______________ is the real weapon of the Soviet biosystem.

Manufacturing technique

What branch of the Soviet government worked on anti-crop and anti-livestock agents?

Ministries of Agriculture and Health (Ecology)

The intervention to stop ethnic cleansing in Kosovo was undertaken by ________

NATO

Who/what primarily stockpiles Zero Days and why

Nation states - defense and offense are mutually exclusive

_______________ security emphasizes the protection of sovereignty and the territorial integrity of states, and the protection of citizens against all threats, foreign and domestic.

National

What were the Soviet Targets in the US for a bio weapon attack, and why was DC not included

New York, LA, Seattle, Chicago; DC not included because its population was not dense enough

Are people who have been displaced from their homes because of famine or environmental disasters considered to be refugees under international law?

No

Are people who have been displaced from their homes but remain within the boundaries of their own country considered to be refugees under international law?

No

Are people who have crossed a national boundary in search of economic opportunity considered to be refugees under international law?

No

Weapons of mass destruction are _______________

Nuclear, Biological, Chemical, Cyber

Who are tier 3 hackers

Opportunists and "script-kiddies"

How did the US feel about the Biological Weapons Convention?

Optimistic, signed on

What caused the collapse of the Soviet bioweapon program

Perestroika, threat of defection, nationalist tides, and economic woes

Programs designed to discourage the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM) would be BEST described as promoting ______________ security.

Personal

Which region has the lowest instances of vaccine preventable illnesses?

South America

Historically, states have prioritized ____________________ over __________________

Sovereignty over human rights

Chechnya would be best described as a what?

Stateless Nation

What was the Biological Weapons Convention of 1972 for?

States to pledge "not to develop, produce, stockpile, or otherwise acquire or retain biological agents for offensive military purposes

Which country has the shortest life expectancy

Sudan

What other Soviet organizations were involved in the Soviet Bioweapons programs

The Military-Industrial Commission coordinated everything The Ministry of Defense acted as "The Customer" The KGB: Capturing Agency 1 (got virus samples) The Ministries of Agriculture and Health

What is the US government cyber security branch

The NSA

What was significant about the US bioweapons program in 1969?

The official END of all OFFENSIVE biological weapons testing

The idea that resources held in common are more likely to be abused and exploited is

The tragedy of the commons

How can we be sure the US had actually ended official Bioweapons testing and limited its programs?

They permitted reciprocal visits to suspected Soviet bioweapons facilities

What does it mean when someone says hackers use things "off label"

They use tools in ways they are able to be used not necessarily how they are meant to be used

What was the goal of Biopreparat

To make vaccine resistant strains of viruses and more virulent bacteria and toxins that could be easily used in an attack

What are the responsibilities under the R2P?

To rebuild failed or tyrannical states, to prevent humanitarian crises, to react to or intervene in humanitarian crises

True or False: Overwhelming scientific consensus makes it clear that climate change is occurring and those climate-warming trends over the past century are extremely likely due to human activities.

True

Which viruses were successfully weaponized by the USSR

Tularemia, smallpox, plague, typhus, anthrax

Arendt refers to the evil represented by Eichmann as what?

banal

Novel targets are limited by _____ more than ________

budget more than feasibility

In Cote d'Ivoire, people are trafficked to harvest

chocolate

How would you describe the proliferation of bio weapons as compared to nuclear weapons

inexpensive, very tempting, and much easier than nuclear proliferation

In Biohazard, what is described as being the real weapon

The manufacturing techniques

Which disease was eradicated by the WHO in 1980?

Smallpox

______________ refers to competitive environmental (and labor) deregulation often intended to attract businesses to developing countries.

Race to the Bottom

There is no data for Somalia and the DRC on the map for "Share of the Population that is Undernourished." Knowing what you know about these countries and the region in which they are located, they are MOST LIKELY in the

Red

What is the key factor for delivery systems

Reliability - preventing biological weapons from losing virulence when dispersed

List 5 environmental challenges facing the global system

Risk of environmental disaster, population growth, pollution, deforestation, loss of Biodiversity

Which country has the LARGEST GDP per capita between (China, Egypt, Russia, India)

Russia

4 uses of cyber weapon

Serves a national objective, custom targeting, stealth capability, infiltration

What was Biopreparat (aka "the system")?

The Soviet state pharmaceutical agency whose primary function was to develop and produce viral, bacterial, and toxic weapons

In what way were the Soviet and US bioweapon programs safeguarded/run differently

The US had vaccines and treatments for all weaponized strains in case of accidental exposure The Soviets used agents that had no cure (resulted in accidental breakouts of deadly viruses like in Sverdlovsk)

What state in the international system immediately defected after signing the Biological Weapons Convention Agreement and why did they defect

The USSR; ingrained in Soviet minds that the US was sure to defect as well

The Responsibility to Protect establishes an Order of Authority. Who has the FIRST responsibility to protect?

The host state

Which state was NOT a signatory of the UDHR in 1948?

USSR

Which state started the initiative that led to the WHO eradicating smallpox and when was it eradicated

USSR; 1980

Is "cyberspace" a battle space

Yes, DOD considers it a primary battlespace, US considers it a battle space that would prompt a nuclear response

A vulnerability that is not yet generally known to exist is known as a

Zero Day

Humanitarian intervention is NOT ________

a response to an act of international aggression by a state

What is a white hat hacker

tries to preserve status quo and maintain stability