Chapter 5 lesson 4 material

Acesulfame-K is how much sweeter than sugar?

200 times

What percentage of Americans shows the signs of lactose maldigestion?

25%, Reason: While up to 75% of the world's population may experience primary lactose intolerance, in North America approximately 25% of adults show the signs of decreased lactose digestion.

The more complex forms of carbohydrates are called ______.

polysaccharides

What are other names for complex carbohydrates?

polysaccharides starch

All sweeteners are compared to sucrose because of its ______.

sweetness

The ratio of the blood glucose response to a given food compared to a standard is called _____.

the glycemic index

Why can't fiber be absorbed in the small intestine?

The human GI tract lacks the enzymes necessary to break down fiber.

When a person's fasting blood glucose levels are equal to or rise above 126 mg/dl, they are classified as having ___________

diabetes

Type 2 diabetes can often be effectively managed through

diet. physical activity. moderate weight loss.

The digestion of starch begins in the mouth via the action of the enzyme ______.

salivary amylase

Type 2 diabetes is positively associated with

physical inactivity. obesity.

The "K" in acesulfame-K represents

potassium

Most of the sugar Americans consume comes from

processed foods and beverages.

Which of the following influence glycemic index? (Check all that apply.)

temperature a food's physical structure macronutrients in a meal

The main function of glucose is _____.

to provide energy

The symptoms of metabolic syndrome increase the risk of _____. (Check all that apply.)

type 2 diabetes cardiovascular disease

Which of the following actions help in the digestion of carbohydrates?

Cooking Chewing

_________ is a disaccharide important in the formation of alcoholic beverages.

Maltose

____________ is a disaccharide important in the formation of alcoholic beverages.

Maltose

To improve blood glucose control for patients with type 2 diabetes,

Mediterranean-style eating pattern, emphasizing monounsaturated over saturated fats and food sources of omega-3 fatty acids, is recommended. For overweight or obese individuals, even a modest weight loss can improve blood glucose control

Elevated blood glucose, elevated blood pressure, abdominal obesity, high blood triglycerides, and elevated LDL-cholesterol with low HDL-cholesterol indicate _____.

Metabolic Syndrome

Which statement best describes the carbohydrate intake of adults in North America?

Our carbohydrate intake is about 50% of our total energy intake.

Approximately ______ of the world's population is lactose intolerant.

Primary lactose intolerance may occur in up to 75% of the world's population. In North America, approximately 25% of adults show signs of decreased lactose digestion

Where does the enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates begin?

The enzymatic digestion of some carbohydrates begins in the mouth

______ different from starches since the chemical links that join the individual sugar units cannot be digested by human enzymes in the GI tract.

Fiber is

Which best describes the Food and Nutrition Board's recommendation for the daily intake of carbohydrates?

45-65% of total calories

In metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated?

Fasting glucose Blood pressure Triglycerides

What is the primary difference between fiber and starch?

Fiber cannot be digested by humans but starch can.

Describe/define the term Glucagon.

Glucagon is a hormone that is important in the regulation of blood glucose. Glucagon is released by the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels. It increases glycogen breakdown and release of glucose by the liver to increase blood glucose levels. Glucagon increases gluconeogenesis.

Describe/define the term Gluconeogenesis.

Gluconeogenesis is the production of new glucose by metabolic pathways in the cell. Amino acids derived from protein usually provide the carbon for the new glucose.

Describe/define the term Glucose.

Glucose is a monosaccharide with 6 carbons. It is also the primary energy source in the body.

Which hormone is released when blood glucose levels are high?

Insulin

Match the hormone with its effect on blood glucose.

Insulin = decreases blood glucose Glucagon = Increases blood glucose

Describe/define the term Insulin.

Insulin is a hormone that is important in the regulation of blood glucose. Insulin is released by the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels. It increases glucose uptake by the muscles and adipose tissue. It increases glycogen synthesis and suppresses gluconeogenesis.

Which of the following is true about the carbohydrate intake of Americans?

Intake of high-fructose corn syrup and sucrose adds about 270 calories daily to the diets of Americans. Added sugars in the diet account for over 14.5% of total energy intake.

The sandwiches with the highest amount of fiber to the lowest amount are listed here:

Soyburger = 7.5 g Tuna salad on whole wheat = 7.0 g Turkey and Swiss on Rye: 4 grams PB&J: 3 grams Ham and Swiss on Sourdough: 1.5 grams Hot Dog: 1 gram

Which of the following are true of polysaccharides?

They are sometimes called starches. They are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits. They are made of single-sugar units that are bonded together to form a chain. They are sometimes called complex carbohydrates.

______ diabetes is strongly associated with physical inactivity, poor diet, and obesity.

Type 2

The treatment for Metabolic Syndrome is essentially the same as the treatment of what other disease?

Type 2 diabetes

What is the criterion for fasting blood glucose above which an individual is diagnosed as diabetic?

Under fasting conditions (at least several hours after eating), blood glucose normally varies between about 70 and 100 mg/dl of blood. However, if a fasting blood glucose level is equal to or above 126 mg/dl, it is classified as diabetes.

What is malting?

a process during which grain seeds sprout the first step in beer production

Which of the following foods consist predominately of carbohydrates? (Check all that apply.)

baked potatoes table sugar soft drinks

The cooking process is often viewed as the starting point of carbohydrate digestion because cooking helps

because cooking softens the tough, fibrous tissues of vegetables, fruits, and grains. When starches are heated, the starch granules swell as they soak up water, making them much easier to digest. -soften fibrous tissues. starch granules swell with water.

Individuals with poorly controlled diabetes are at an increased risk of _____. (Check all that apply.)

blindness cardiovascular disease kidney disease

Carbohydrates ____ be converted to and stored as fat in the body.

can

The chemical bonds between individual sugar units in fiber ____ digested by enzymes in the human GI tract.

cannot be

Providing energy is the primary function of

carbohydrate.

Hypoglycemia occurs when an individual's blood sugar level ______.

falls

Which of the following is a good source of soluble fiber?

flesh of an apple

Which of the following are examples of simple sugars?

glucose fructose galactose

Treatment for Metabolic Syndrome includes

increasing physical activity. eating a healthy diet. weight loss.

Which three of the following contain the highest percentage of calories from carbohydrates?

jam fruit rice

Which of the following areas of the body are permanently damaged by poorly controlled diabetes? (Check all that apply.)

kidneys heart eyes

Though the Food and Nutrition Board recommends a person consume 45 to 65% of their calories from carbohydrates, the actual RDA for carbohydrates is much

less

The ______ works in concert with the pancreas to regulate blood glucose levels.

liver

The patients who experience reactive hypoglycemia may benefit from eating _____. (Check all that apply.)

low glycemic load carbohydrates regular meals with a mixture of macronutrients

The treatment for type 2 diabetes is aimed at maintaining normal ranges of blood glucose through

medications. lifestyle modifications.

The simpler forms of carbohydrates are called _____.

monosaccharides

Glycogen is stored in the liver and can be released by the hormone ________.

nother pancreatic hormone, called glucagon, is secreted in response to a decrease in blood glucose. It prompts the breakdown of glycogen in the liver and promotes gluconeogenesis, resulting in the release of glucose to the bloodstream and the normalization of blood glucose levels

Which of the following is true about pre-diabetes?

Glucose levels are mildly elevated from 100 to 125 mg/dl.

Glycemic index is influenced by which of the following?

Glycemic index is influenced by a food's starch structure (amylose vs. amylopectin), fiber content, food processing, physical structure (small vs. large surface area), and temperature, as well as the amount of protein and fat in a meal

Describe/define the term Glycogen.

Glycogen is a polysaccharide. It contains many glucose units linked together with alpha bonds. It is the storage form of carbohydrate in humans and other animals. It is not a source of carbohydrate in our diets.

What is the technical term for high blood sugar?

Hyperglycemia

Anna's blood test showed that her fasting blood sugar was 150 mg/dl. According to these results, she is

Hyperglycemic

Which of the following processed foods or beverage are high in added sugars?

Ice cream Soda Cakes

______ is a condition in which blood glucose levels are above normal but not yet diagnostic of diabetes.

Pre-diabetes

The patients with hypoglycemia may need to decrease their intake of ____. (Check all that apply.)

Regular meals consisting of a balance of protein, fat, and low glycemic load carbohydrates, plus ample soluble fiber, help prevent hypoglycemia. Individuals also should substitute protein-containing snacks for those that contain mostly sugar and aim to spread carbohydrate intake throughout the day. Finally, limiting caffeine and alcohol intake can be beneficial in preventing symptoms of hypoglycemia

Based on your response to the previous question in placing sandwiches in order from the highest amount of fiber to the lowest amount of fiber, list what changes could be made to some of the sandwiches to increase the fiber and whole grain contents.

Making changes from refined carbohydrates to whole grains will increase dietary fiber intake.

A high-fiber diet may ______ the availability of nutrients.

decrease

What food is often used as the standard for comparison to determine the glycemic index?

- The glycemic index (GI) is a ratio of the blood glucose response of a given food compared with a standard (typically, glucose or white bread). - Glycemic index is influenced by a food's starch structure (amylose vs. amylopectin), fiber content, food processing, physical structure (small vs. large surface area), and temperature, as well as the amount of protein and fat in a meal

Which of the following conditions may be present in a person with metabolic syndrome

- including insulin resistance or glucose - intolerance (causing high blood glucose), - abdominal obesity, - high blood triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol with - low HDL-cholesterol, - elevated blood pressure, - increased inflammatory blood proteins (e.g., C-reactive protein), and - higher concentrations of oxidized LDL-cholesterol

Which type of hypoglycemia occurs 2 to 5 hours after eating?

1. Reactive (postprandial) hypoglycemia is caused by an exaggerated insulin response after eating. Symptoms of irritability, sweating, anxiety, weakness, headache, and confusion may develop 2 to 5 hours after a meal, especially a meal high in sugars. 2. Fasting hypoglycemia is a condition of low blood glucose after fasting for 8 hours or more. However, it usually is caused by an underlying serious medical condition, such as cancer, liver disease, or renal disease, rather than by simply fasting.

Which of the following is a type of simple sugar?

Monosaccharide Reason: Polysaccharide is another name for starch, and fiber, which is a complex carbohydrate made of many simple sugars.

Raffinose and stachyose are examples of what type of complex carbohydrate?

Oligosaccharides

Which complex carbohydrate has 3 to 10 simple sugar units and cannot be broken down by the body's digestive enzymes?

Oligosaccharides

Which of the following are health conditions associated with a very high fiber intake (>60 grams per day), especially when combined with inadequate fluid intake?

constipation intestinal blockages

The carbohydrate that is considered the benchmark against which all other sweeteners are measured is ______.

sucrose

The important components of therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes include _____. (Check all that apply.)

regular physical activity adhering to a nutritious diet plan adhering to prescribed medication

Which of the following are the possible fates of carbohydrate once it has been absorbed? (Check all that apply.)

released directly into the bloodstream for use by organs production of glycogen production of fat

Bananas, oat products, and beans are good sources of _____.

soluble fiber