Chapter 5 nutrition
pancreatic amylase
enzyme secreted by pancreas that breaks down starch into maltose molecules
lactase
enzyme that splits lactose molecule
maltase
enzyme that splits maltose molecule
sucrase
enzyme that splits sucrose molecule
insoluble fiber
forms of dietary fiber that generally do not dissolve in water
diverticula
abnormal, tiny sacs that form in the wall of the colon
pancreatic amylase
digests starch in the small intestine
sucrose
disaccharide comprised of a glucose and a fructose molecule, "table sugar"
maltose
disaccharide comprised of two glucose molecules; "malt sugar"
lipolysis
fat breakdown
gestational diabetes
form of diabetes that pregnant women can develop
soluble fiber
forms of dietary fiber that dissolve or swell in water
glycogenolysis
glycogen breakdown
fructose
monosaccharide in fruits, honey, and certain vegetables, "levulose" or "fruit sugar"
glucose
monosaccharide that is primary fuel for muscles and other cells; "dextrose" or "blood sugar"
dietary fiber
nondigestible plant material; most types are polysaccharides
glucagon
raises blood glucose levels
disaccharide
simple sugar compromised of two monosaccharides
monosaccharide
simple sugars that are the basic chemical unit of carbohydrates
glycogen
storage polysaccharide in animals
starch
storage polysaccharide in plants
nutritive sweeteners
substances that sweeten and contribute energy to foods
alternative sweeteners
substances that sweeten foods while providing few or no kilocalories
added sugars
sugars added to foods during processing or preparation
100%
table sugar is nearly ____________carbohydrate.
ketone bodies
Bethany consumes a very-low-carbohydrate diet that supplies less than 100 g of carbohydrate daily, but she eats high amounts of meat and fat. As a result of her diet, Bethany's cells form more _____ than normal.
kidney failure
Betty has type 2 diabetes, and she has difficulty keeping her fasting blood glucose level under 180 mg/dl. Based on this information, Betty has a high risk of
increase her intake of foods that contain insoluble fiber
Betty is constipated; she generally has bowel movements only twice a week. To help relieve her constipation without taking medications, Betty should
diabetes mellitus
Steve has pancreatic cancer. As a result of the disease, Steve has a high risk of
lactose intolerance
Caden develops intestinal cramps and gas after he drinks more than a half cup of milk. He can eat yogurt and cheese without any discomfort. Based on this information, Caden probably has
give herself a specific dose of insulin
Erika has type 1 diabetes and gives herself insulin injections to help manage her blood glucose level. One afternoon, Erika tested her blood and discovered that her blood glucose level was 260 mg/dl. Based on this information, Erika should
glucose
The starch in oatmeal and wheat is composed of _____ molecules.
cornflakes cereal
Which of the following foods has a high glycemic index?
raw carrots
Which of the following foods has a low glycemic index (less than 70)?
white rice
Which of the following foods is a rich source of starch?
whole-grain oat cereal
Which of the following foods is the best source of soluble fiber?
sugar-sweetened soft drinks
Which of the following foods or beverages is the main source of added sugars in American diets?
fat-free milk
Which of the following foods provides the most carbohydrates per 4-ounce serving?
high fasting blood glucose
Which of the following signs is associated with metabolic syndrome?
starch
Which of the following substances is a complex carbohydrate?
sucrose
Which of the following substances is a disaccharide?
glycogen
Which of the following substances is a polysaccharide?
fructose
Which of the following substances is a simple sugar?
lactase
Which of the following substances is an enzyme that breaks down lactose?
regular soft drinks
______ are the primary source of added sugars in the typical American diet.
glucose
______ is a primary fuel for muscles and other cells.
insulin
______ is the hormone that enables glucose to enter cells.
hyperglycemia
abnormally high blood glucose level
lactose
disacharide comprised of a glucose and a galactose molecule, "milk sugar"
salivary amylase
enzyme secreted by salivary glands that begins starch digestion
galactose
monosaccharide that is a component of lactose
galactose, glucose, and fructose
the three most important dietary monosaccharides for humans are
by comparing sugar content information that is listed in the Nutrition Facts panel
Abe wants to use canned or frozen peaches to make a dessert. While shopping for the fruit, how can he determine which kind has the least sugar per serving?
metabolic syndrome
According to Shawn's physician, Shawn has a high risk of _____ because his waist circumference is 42 inches, his blood pressure consistently measures 140 mm Hg/90 mm Hg, and his fasting blood glucose level is 110 mg/dl.
is not digested by the human intestinal tract.
Dietary fiber
citrus fruits
Hillary would like to add more soluble fiber to her diet. Which of the following foods should she add?
converted into fat and stored
If your diet supplies more sugar and starch than you need, the excess can be
is in whole-grain products, including brown rice
Insoluble fiber
give birth to a baby that has birth defects
Katie is pregnant. She has type 1 diabetes and often has difficulty controlling her blood glucose level. Based on this information, Katie is likely to
often associated with excess body weight.
Type 2 diabetes is
fat
When cells have more glucose than they need energy, they may convert some of the excess into
lactose
Which of the following carbohydrates is in plain, fat-free milk?
hypoglycemia
Which of the following conditions is a common sign or symptom of untreated type 1 diabetes?
tooth decay
Which of the following conditions is clearly associated with eating dietary carbohydrates, especially sticky sugars?
high-fructose corn syrup
caloric sweetener that is often added to food
ketone bodies
chemicals that result from incomplete fat breakdown
carbohydrates
class of nutrients that include glucose, a major source of energy for the body
complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
compounds comprised to 10 or more monosaccharides bonded together
pre-diabetes
condition characterized by fasting blood glucose levels that are 100 to 125 mg/dl
metabollic syndrome
condition that increases risk of type 2 diabetes and CVD
hypoglycemia
condition that occurs when the blood glucose level is abnormally low
ketoacidosis
condition that occurs when the body forms excessive ketone bodies
simple carbohydrates
group of carbohydrates that include sugars
diabetes mellitus
group of serious chronic diseases characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism
non nutritive sweeteners
group of synthetic compounds that are intensely sweet tasting compared to sugar
syndrome
groups of signs and symptoms that occur together and indicate a specific health problem
glucagon
hormone that helps regulate blood glucose levels
insulin
hormone that helps regulate blood glucose levels
lactose intolerance
inability to digest lactose properly
milk
lactose is the disaccharide in