Chapter 5
Who did Epictetus believe was a wise person in the human drama of the world?
A person who understands and accepts his role in society
Identify the statement that explains Epicurus's notion of atoms.
A series of atomic collisions created the world.
Four friends are discussing the possibility of aliens. According to Skeptic philosophy, who amongst the following holds a dogmatic position?
Ali claims that there is no proof, and there will never be proof of alien life.
How did Epicurus know that pleasure was the standard of goodness?
All people have an immediate feeling of the difference between pleasure and pain and of the desirability of pleasure.
A group of students is discussing the origin of the universe. Who amongst the following is a skeptic according to Skeptic philosophy?
Anna thinks that we still haven't conclusively identified the cause and need to keep searching.
While Pyrrho was attracting followers, who formed a rival school of skepticism?
Arcesilaus
Identify the common goal of Epicurean and Stoic philosophy.
Both aimed at achieving happiness
What did the Skeptics call an assent to a non-evident proposition?
Dogma
What did the Skeptics call people who though they had discovered the truth?
Dogmatists
What is the collection of fifty-four treatises of Plotinus, edited and compiled by his student, Porphyry, called?
Enneads
Carlos, who lied to his mother about completing his daily chores, is scared that God will punish him for this in the afterlife. His teacher consoles him saying, that once Carlos is liberated from the fear of death and a nonexistent God, he can have complete control of his own life. Which philosopher is Carlos's teacher most likely to be a believer of?
Epicurus
What was the philosophical thought of Democritus that strongly influenced Epicurus's philosophy?
Everything is composed of tiny particles called atoms in empty space.
True or false: The Stoics explained in their theory of knowledge that a human mind already has knowledge of objects buried in the subconscious mind at birth.
False
True or false: The skeptics thought our senses give us consistent knowledge about same objects over a period of time.
False
What did the Stoic philosopher, Epictetus, believe about a person's role in the world?
God determines what each person's will be in life
What did the Stoics believe about the existence of God?
God is a rational substance existing in all of nature.
What was the pivotal idea of Stoicism?
God is in everything.
What did Epicurus believe about God?
God is the result of a purposeless and random event.
What made Plotinus's philosophy distinctive?
It combined a speculative description of reality with a religious theory of salvation.
What does Stoic moral philosophy advocate about happiness?
It is a quality of existence.
What did the Stoics think about the world?
It is governed by the principle of purpose.
What does Plotinus think of evil?
It is the absence of order.
What does Plotinus's philosophy identify as a feature of the human soul?
It is united with the body as a product of a fall.
What did the Stoics primarily achieve through their theory of knowledge?
It laid the foundation for their materialistic theory of nature.
Four students have a discussion on what happens after death. Which person's opinion is most likely to support Epicurus's philosophy?
Jack claims that the atoms which make up the body come apart and return to the original state of matter.
What did Plotinus think was the opposite of God?
Matter
Which category of philosophy is Plotinus credited being the founder of?
Neoplatonism
Plotinus's original contribution to philosophy consisted of a fresh version of which philosopher's work?
Plato
What did Epicurus believe to be the chief aim of human life?
Pleasure
_____ was the founder of a school of skepticism that had an especially profound impact on philosophy.
Pyrrho
According to Epicurus, what is the ultimate pleasure that human nature seeks?
Repose
What name did the Classical philosophers give to people who continuously persevere in the search for truth?
Skeptics
Who said that the material substance of God was motionless matter?
Stoics
Which of the following is true of the Skeptics' view on evident and nonevident matters?
The Skeptics doubted whether the world had been accurately described.
What metaphysical idea formed the basis of Plotinus's theory?
The belief that God is the source of all things and to which people must return
What was Plotinus's primary objection toward the views of the Stoics, Epicureans, Pythagoreans, and Aristotelians?
The conviction that they did not understand the true nature of the soul
What according to Plotinus survives the body and conceivably enters a sequence of transmigrations from one body to another?
The human soul
According to Skeptic philosophy, in the absence of certainty, which of the following is most likely to serve as a reliable guide for moral actions?
The laws of the land
What gave rise to skepticism as a philosophy?
The search for attaining mental peace
What according to the Skeptics could help attain mental tranquility?
The separation of truth from falsehood through investigation
What did the Skeptics believe would justify actions relating to morality in the absence of true knowledge?
The strong belief created when the notion of right has a high degree of clarity
According to Plotinus, what emanates directly from the nous?
The world Soul
According to the Stoics, which of the following is true of the physical world?
The world has an active force that represents the active shaping and ordering element in nature.
What did the Academics use as a tool for suspending judgment?
They revived Socrates's technique of dialectic argument.
What does Plotinus's metaphor of emanation state?
Things emanate; they flow from God.
According to Plotinus, how did all things come from God?
Through necessity
According to Plotinus, which phenomenon does the activity of the soul account for?
Time
True or false: Plotinus believed that matter stands at the boundary line of nothingness, where it tends to disappear into nonbeing.
True
Who founded the Stoic school of philosophy?
Zeno of Citium
According to Sextus, the Skeptics had a system that was referred to as _____.
a procedure which, in accordance with appearance, follows a certain line of reasoning
The Stoic school of philosophy laid an overwhelming emphasis on _____.
ethics
At the fringe of emanation, Plotinus thought matter became a principle of _____.
evil
Sextus argued that if our knowledge comes from _____ then there is all the more reason to doubt the adequacy of our knowledge.
experience
The Stoics believed that _____ is not the power to alter our destiny but rather the absence of emotional disturbance.
freedom
The term "skeptics" was used to define people who were _____ by nature.
inquirers
Epicurus was certain that _____ was the standard of goodness.
pleasure
In the context of the Stoic view that matter is the basis of all reality, a feature of fire is that it _____.
possesses the attribute of rationality
Epicurus believed that the sense of repose can be best achieved by _____.
scaling down desires
In the context of evident versus nonevident matters, the Skeptics believe that one should question _____.
the account given of appearances of things around oneself
The Stoics sought happiness through _____.
wisdom