chapter 5 part 4
Which of the following neurotransmitters are associated with sleep? - GABA - Acetylcholine - Epinephrine - Serotonin - Endorphins
- Acetylcholine - Epinephrine - Serotonin
during which stage of sleep is dreaming most likely? - stage 2 - stage 4 - stage 3 - REM - stage 1
- REM
what is the active stage of sleep during which dreaming occurs? - stage 2 sleep - stage 1 sleep - stage 4 sleep - stage 3 sleep - REM sleep
- REM sleep
body temperature fluctuation about 3 degrees Fahrenheit in a 24-hour day would be an example of: - an unconscious though - an automatic process - a controlled process - a circadian rhythm
- a circadian rhythm
Tanya is narcoleptic. Which of the following factors could trigger her attacks? Select ALL that apply. - physical exercise - anger - surprise - excitement
- anger - surprise - excitement
biological rhythms are controlled by biological clocks, which include - sleep cycles - twelve-hour cycles - annual cycles - twenty-four hour cycles - twenty-eight day cycles
- annual cycles - twenty-four hour cycles - twenty-eight day cycles
Sleep plays a large role in many healthy problems, select of all the following that apply to this statement. - diabetes - asthma - stroke - obesity - heart diesease
- asthma - stroke - obesity - heart diesease
The different stages of sleep are characterized by differences in: - suggestibility - consciousness - awareness - brain waves
- brain waves
which of the following sources can desynchronize circadian rhythms? - changing work shifts - sleep terrors - narcolepsy - jet travel - insomnia
- changing work shifts - jet travel - insomnia
A(n) ___ is characterized by sudden arousal from sleep and intense fear. - night terror - automatic process - controlled process - nightmare
- night terro
somnambulism is also known as - insomnia - sleepwalking - nightmares - sleep-talking
- sleepwalking
one reason that tired drivers are more likely to become involved in traffic accidents is that sleep deprivation results in: - permanent brain damage - a lack of concern for what others are doing - an inability to recognize dangerous situations - slower reaction time to new stimuli
- slower reaction time to new stimuli
___ sleep is characterized by theta waves. - stage 3 - stage 2 - REM - stage 1
- stage 1
what are some of the causes of insomnia? - stress at work - relationship problems - an excess of melatonin - night terrors
- stress at work - relationship problems
What part of the brain is responsible for circadian rhythms? - midbrain - affective region - suprachiasmatic nucleus - amygdala
- suprachiasmatic nucleus
Which of the following are causes of sleep apnea? - the windpipe fails to open - altered circadian cycles - the decrease of neurotransmitters to the forebrain - brain processes involved in respiration fail
- the windpipe fails to open - brain processes involved in respiration fail
Barbiturates
In heavy dosages, they can lead to impaired memory and decision making.
Tranquilizers
In small doses THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG can induce a feeling of calm; higher doses can lead to drowsiness and confusion.
Opiates
ALSO KNOWN AS NARCOTICS
Barbiturates
Abrupt OF THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG withdrawal can produce seizures. Because of the addictive potential and relative ease of toxic overdose,THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG have largely been replaced by tranquilizers in the treatment of insomnia.
alcohol
After caffeine, THIS is the most widely used drug in the United States
gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA),
Alcohol also increases the concentration of the neurotransmitter _____ which is widely distributed in many brain areas, including the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens (
judgment and impulse control
Alcohol consumption also may affect the areas of the frontal cortex involved in ___ AND ___
reward pathway; dopamine
Although different drugs have different mechanisms of action, each drug increases the activity of the ______ by increasing ____ transmission.
alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers, and opiates.
Among the most widely used depressants are.....
tolerance
Continued use of psychoactive drugs leads to......
addiction
Experts on drug abuse use the term ______ to describe either a physical or psychological dependence, or both, on the drug
Opiates
For several hours after taking THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG the person feels euphoric and pain-free and has an increased appetite for food and sex.
limbic and prefrontal; VTA
Only the ___ AND ____areas of the brain are directly activated by dopamine, which comes from the ____
Barbiturates
Physicians once widely prescribed THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG as sleep aids.
frontal cortex
Researchers believe that the ___ holds a memory of the pleasure involved in prior alcohol use and contributes to continued drinking.
ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc)
THE REWARD PATHWAY THAT INCREASE DOPAMINE LEVELS IN PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS IS LOCATED IN?
Psychoactive drugs
THESE increase dopamine levels in the brain's reward pathways
Opiates
THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG affect synapses in the brain that use endorphins as their neurotransmitter
Opiates
THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG are highly addictive, and users experience craving and painful withdrawal when the drug becomes unavailable.
ventral tegmental area (VTA); nucleus accumbens (NAc); VTA ; NAc; prefrontal cortex; VTA; NAc
The _____and ____are important locations in the reward pathway for psychoactive drugs. Information travels from the ____to the _____ and then up to the ____. The ____ is located in the midbrain just above the pons, and the ____ is located in the forebrain, just beneath the prefrontal cortex.
Opiates
The most common OF THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG ARE morphine and heroin
Opiates
These drugs are used as powerful painkillers.
depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens
Three main categories of psychoactive drugs are....... WHICH . All have the potential to cause health or behavior problems or both.
Tranquilizers
Tolerance for THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG can develop within a few weeks of usage, and these drugs are addictive.
basal ganglia
It is further believed that the ____, which are involved in compulsive behaviors, may lead to a greater demand for alcohol, regardless of reason and consequences
Barbiturates
Nembutal and Seconal are considered?
Tranquilizers
Valium and Xanax, ARE WHAT KIND OF PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG?
Barbiturates
When combined with alcohol (for example, sleeping pills taken after a night of binge drinking), THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG can be lethal.
Opiates
When these drugs leave the brain, the affected synapses become understimulated.
Tranquilizers
Widely prescribed in the United States to calm anxious individuals, THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG can produce withdrawal symptoms when use is stopped
Define stage 2 sleep
a sleep deeper than that of stage 1, characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern, along with momentary interruptions of "sleep spindles".
Psychoactive Drugs
act on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods.
according to the ___-___ theory, dreams reflect the brain's efforts to make sense out of neural activity that takes place during sleep.
activation-synthesis
states that dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neural signals generated from activity in the lower part of the brain
activation-synthesis theory
Barbiturates
are depressant drugs that decrease central nervous system activity.
Tranquilizers
are depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and induce relaxation.
Stimulants
are psychoactive drugs that increase the central nervous system's activity.
depressants
are psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity.
Barbiturates
are the drug most often used in suicide attempts.
states of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other on going activities
automatic processes
sleep apnea is a disorder in which individuals stop ____________ during sleep
breathing
sleep apnea is a sleep disorder in which individuals stop __ during sleep.
breathing
the ___ theory of dreaming proposes that dreaming can be understood by applying the same concepts that are used to study the waking mind.
cognitive
proposes that dreaming can be understood by applying the same cognitive concepts that are used to study the waking mind
cognitive theory
steam of ___ is a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings.
consciousness
Opiates
consist of opium and its derivatives and depress the central nervous system's activity.
the most alert states of consciousness, in which individuals actively focus their efforts toward a goal, are known as __________
controlled processes
stage N3 sleep is characterized by ___________ waves
delta
processes, such as thinking, planning, and problem solving , which are linked to the functioning of the brains prefrontal cortex
executive function
A class project required a student nurse to make hourly records of her own blood pressure and body temperature over a 30-day period. When the data were graphed, it was evident that these readings changed in a predictable way on a daily basis. The reason for this regularity is that many physiological processes are:
governed by circadian rhythms
Brian ingested a drug at a party. He isn't sure what he took, but he decides to go see his doctor just to be safe. When the doctor asks Brian to describe what he is feeling, Brian says that this is the most "spiritual" that he has ever felt and that he is "totally in touch with his feelings and the world around him." What class of drug did Brian most likely ingest?
hallucinogen
To which drug classification does marijuana belong?
hallucinogen
the process of solving a problem after taking a break from conscious thought about that problem
incubation
Alcoholism
is a disorder that involves long-term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive, and excessive use of alcoholic beverages and that impairs the drinker's health and social relationships.
Psychological dependence
is the strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reasons, such as a feeling of well-being and reduction of stress.
Alcoholism
is the third leading killer in the United States.
a dreams hidden content
latent content
during a session with a psychoanalyst, a client shares a dream about an umbrella. he later comes to realize that the umbrella symbolizes a penis. in this case, the psychoanalyst is giving an interpretation of the _______________________ of his client's dream.
latent content
typically, stage 3 sleep is characterized by delta waves occurring ___ than fifty percent of the time.
less
typically, stage N3 sleep is characterized by delta waves occurring ___________ than 50 percent of the time
less
daydreaming is an example of ______________
lower level of awareness
robbie had a dream that he was a rockstar. the dream content that Robbie remembers where he was singing on stage is an example of _________
manifest content
Kelly has a dream about being on a picnic date with her boyfriend when a snake comes along and chokes them. She goes to see a therapist to ask what the dream means and he questions her on what each of the images represents to her. Kelly is reporting the _____ of her dream and asking her therapist to provide her with the _____ of her dream.
manifest content; latent content
___, a hormone produced in the brain's pineal gland, is secreted at about 9:30 P.M. in younger adolescents and approximately an hour later in older adolescents.
melatonin
a disorder that involves a sudden, overpowering urge to sleep is called ___________
narcolepsy
Define narcolepsy
narcolepsy is a disorder characterized by uncontrollably falling asleep for short periods.
a __________ ____________ is characterized by a sudden arousal from sleep and intense fear
night terror
after going through stages 1-4, sleepers drift up through the sleep stages toward wakefulness, but instead of reentering stage 1, they enter a different form of sleep called ___ ___ movement.
rapid eye
believes that individuals with autism lack the theory of mind mechanism
simon baron-cohen
_________ is the formal term for sleepwalking
somnambulism
characterized by theta waves
stage N1
when a person is just dozing off and starting to fall asleep; may include sudden muscle movements or the sensation of falling
stage N1
no longer consciously aware of the environment; an Egg will show sleep spindles
stage N2
characterized by delta wave patterns in an EEG and is considered our deepest sleep
stage N3
an active stage of sleep characterized by REM and fast wave patterns in an EEG
stage R
what is the active stage of sleep during which dreaming occurs?
stage R (REM sleep)
a person is awake and their EEG patterns include beta and alpha waves
stage W
Meredith always has a cup of coffee as soon as she wakes up. She usually has several more cups throughout the day. If she misses one in the afternoon, she gets a headache. Meredith's headache is likely due to:
stimulant use/abuse
a person who wakes suddenly from non-REM sleep and has feelings of extreme fear and panic and heightened physiological arousal has likely experienced a night ___.
terror
Jerry, who is a fairly conservative person, stopped at a bar on the way home from work to have a couple of drinks with his friends. On the way home, he suddenly pulls into a retail store and buys a new 60 inch wide screen TV. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for his behavior?
the alcohol in the drinks reduced his inhibitions and impulse control
tolerance
the first time someone takes 5 milligrams of the tranquilizer Valium, the person feels very relaxed. However, after taking the pill every day for six months, the individual may need to consume twice as much to achieve the same calming effect. example of?
tolerance
the need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect
physical dependence
the physiological need for a drug that causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms such as physical pain and a craving for the drug when it is discontinued.
what is the phrase developmentalists commonly use to refer to individuals' understanding that they and others think, feel, perceive and have private experiences?
theory of mind
