chapter 5 part 4

Which of the following neurotransmitters are associated with sleep? - GABA - Acetylcholine - Epinephrine - Serotonin - Endorphins

- Acetylcholine - Epinephrine - Serotonin

during which stage of sleep is dreaming most likely? - stage 2 - stage 4 - stage 3 - REM - stage 1

- REM

what is the active stage of sleep during which dreaming occurs? - stage 2 sleep - stage 1 sleep - stage 4 sleep - stage 3 sleep - REM sleep

- REM sleep

body temperature fluctuation about 3 degrees Fahrenheit in a 24-hour day would be an example of: - an unconscious though - an automatic process - a controlled process - a circadian rhythm

- a circadian rhythm

Tanya is narcoleptic. Which of the following factors could trigger her attacks? Select ALL that apply. - physical exercise - anger - surprise - excitement

- anger - surprise - excitement

biological rhythms are controlled by biological clocks, which include - sleep cycles - twelve-hour cycles - annual cycles - twenty-four hour cycles - twenty-eight day cycles

- annual cycles - twenty-four hour cycles - twenty-eight day cycles

Sleep plays a large role in many healthy problems, select of all the following that apply to this statement. - diabetes - asthma - stroke - obesity - heart diesease

- asthma - stroke - obesity - heart diesease

The different stages of sleep are characterized by differences in: - suggestibility - consciousness - awareness - brain waves

- brain waves

which of the following sources can desynchronize circadian rhythms? - changing work shifts - sleep terrors - narcolepsy - jet travel - insomnia

- changing work shifts - jet travel - insomnia

A(n) ___ is characterized by sudden arousal from sleep and intense fear. - night terror - automatic process - controlled process - nightmare

- night terro

somnambulism is also known as - insomnia - sleepwalking - nightmares - sleep-talking

- sleepwalking

one reason that tired drivers are more likely to become involved in traffic accidents is that sleep deprivation results in: - permanent brain damage - a lack of concern for what others are doing - an inability to recognize dangerous situations - slower reaction time to new stimuli

- slower reaction time to new stimuli

___ sleep is characterized by theta waves. - stage 3 - stage 2 - REM - stage 1

- stage 1

what are some of the causes of insomnia? - stress at work - relationship problems - an excess of melatonin - night terrors

- stress at work - relationship problems

What part of the brain is responsible for circadian rhythms? - midbrain - affective region - suprachiasmatic nucleus - amygdala

- suprachiasmatic nucleus

Which of the following are causes of sleep apnea? - the windpipe fails to open - altered circadian cycles - the decrease of neurotransmitters to the forebrain - brain processes involved in respiration fail

- the windpipe fails to open - brain processes involved in respiration fail

Barbiturates

In heavy dosages, they can lead to impaired memory and decision making.

Tranquilizers

In small doses THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG can induce a feeling of calm; higher doses can lead to drowsiness and confusion.

Opiates

ALSO KNOWN AS NARCOTICS

Barbiturates

Abrupt OF THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG withdrawal can produce seizures. Because of the addictive potential and relative ease of toxic overdose,THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG have largely been replaced by tranquilizers in the treatment of insomnia.

alcohol

After caffeine, THIS is the most widely used drug in the United States

gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA),

Alcohol also increases the concentration of the neurotransmitter _____ which is widely distributed in many brain areas, including the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens (

judgment and impulse control

Alcohol consumption also may affect the areas of the frontal cortex involved in ___ AND ___

reward pathway; dopamine

Although different drugs have different mechanisms of action, each drug increases the activity of the ______ by increasing ____ transmission.

alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers, and opiates.

Among the most widely used depressants are.....

tolerance

Continued use of psychoactive drugs leads to......

addiction

Experts on drug abuse use the term ______ to describe either a physical or psychological dependence, or both, on the drug

Opiates

For several hours after taking THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG the person feels euphoric and pain-free and has an increased appetite for food and sex.

limbic and prefrontal; VTA

Only the ___ AND ____areas of the brain are directly activated by dopamine, which comes from the ____

Barbiturates

Physicians once widely prescribed THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG as sleep aids.

frontal cortex

Researchers believe that the ___ holds a memory of the pleasure involved in prior alcohol use and contributes to continued drinking.

ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc)

THE REWARD PATHWAY THAT INCREASE DOPAMINE LEVELS IN PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS IS LOCATED IN?

Psychoactive drugs

THESE increase dopamine levels in the brain's reward pathways

Opiates

THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG affect synapses in the brain that use endorphins as their neurotransmitter

Opiates

THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG are highly addictive, and users experience craving and painful withdrawal when the drug becomes unavailable.

ventral tegmental area (VTA); nucleus accumbens (NAc); VTA ; NAc; prefrontal cortex; VTA; NAc

The _____and ____are important locations in the reward pathway for psychoactive drugs. Information travels from the ____to the _____ and then up to the ____. The ____ is located in the midbrain just above the pons, and the ____ is located in the forebrain, just beneath the prefrontal cortex.

Opiates

The most common OF THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG ARE morphine and heroin

Opiates

These drugs are used as powerful painkillers.

depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens

Three main categories of psychoactive drugs are....... WHICH . All have the potential to cause health or behavior problems or both.

Tranquilizers

Tolerance for THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG can develop within a few weeks of usage, and these drugs are addictive.

basal ganglia

It is further believed that the ____, which are involved in compulsive behaviors, may lead to a greater demand for alcohol, regardless of reason and consequences

Barbiturates

Nembutal and Seconal are considered?

Tranquilizers

Valium and Xanax, ARE WHAT KIND OF PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG?

Barbiturates

When combined with alcohol (for example, sleeping pills taken after a night of binge drinking), THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG can be lethal.

Opiates

When these drugs leave the brain, the affected synapses become understimulated.

Tranquilizers

Widely prescribed in the United States to calm anxious individuals, THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG can produce withdrawal symptoms when use is stopped

Define stage 2 sleep

a sleep deeper than that of stage 1, characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern, along with momentary interruptions of "sleep spindles".

Psychoactive Drugs

act on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods.

according to the ___-___ theory, dreams reflect the brain's efforts to make sense out of neural activity that takes place during sleep.

activation-synthesis

states that dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neural signals generated from activity in the lower part of the brain

activation-synthesis theory

Barbiturates

are depressant drugs that decrease central nervous system activity.

Tranquilizers

are depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and induce relaxation.

Stimulants

are psychoactive drugs that increase the central nervous system's activity.

depressants

are psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity.

Barbiturates

are the drug most often used in suicide attempts.

states of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other on going activities

automatic processes

sleep apnea is a disorder in which individuals stop ____________ during sleep

breathing

sleep apnea is a sleep disorder in which individuals stop __ during sleep.

breathing

the ___ theory of dreaming proposes that dreaming can be understood by applying the same concepts that are used to study the waking mind.

cognitive

proposes that dreaming can be understood by applying the same cognitive concepts that are used to study the waking mind

cognitive theory

steam of ___ is a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings.

consciousness

Opiates

consist of opium and its derivatives and depress the central nervous system's activity.

the most alert states of consciousness, in which individuals actively focus their efforts toward a goal, are known as __________

controlled processes

stage N3 sleep is characterized by ___________ waves

delta

processes, such as thinking, planning, and problem solving , which are linked to the functioning of the brains prefrontal cortex

executive function

A class project required a student nurse to make hourly records of her own blood pressure and body temperature over a 30-day period. When the data were graphed, it was evident that these readings changed in a predictable way on a daily basis. The reason for this regularity is that many physiological processes are:

governed by circadian rhythms

Brian ingested a drug at a party. He isn't sure what he took, but he decides to go see his doctor just to be safe. When the doctor asks Brian to describe what he is feeling, Brian says that this is the most "spiritual" that he has ever felt and that he is "totally in touch with his feelings and the world around him." What class of drug did Brian most likely ingest?

hallucinogen

To which drug classification does marijuana belong?

hallucinogen

the process of solving a problem after taking a break from conscious thought about that problem

incubation

Alcoholism

is a disorder that involves long-term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive, and excessive use of alcoholic beverages and that impairs the drinker's health and social relationships.

Psychological dependence

is the strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reasons, such as a feeling of well-being and reduction of stress.

Alcoholism

is the third leading killer in the United States.

a dreams hidden content

latent content

during a session with a psychoanalyst, a client shares a dream about an umbrella. he later comes to realize that the umbrella symbolizes a penis. in this case, the psychoanalyst is giving an interpretation of the _______________________ of his client's dream.

latent content

typically, stage 3 sleep is characterized by delta waves occurring ___ than fifty percent of the time.

less

typically, stage N3 sleep is characterized by delta waves occurring ___________ than 50 percent of the time

less

daydreaming is an example of ______________

lower level of awareness

robbie had a dream that he was a rockstar. the dream content that Robbie remembers where he was singing on stage is an example of _________

manifest content

Kelly has a dream about being on a picnic date with her boyfriend when a snake comes along and chokes them. She goes to see a therapist to ask what the dream means and he questions her on what each of the images represents to her. Kelly is reporting the _____ of her dream and asking her therapist to provide her with the _____ of her dream.

manifest content; latent content

___, a hormone produced in the brain's pineal gland, is secreted at about 9:30 P.M. in younger adolescents and approximately an hour later in older adolescents.

melatonin

a disorder that involves a sudden, overpowering urge to sleep is called ___________

narcolepsy

Define narcolepsy

narcolepsy is a disorder characterized by uncontrollably falling asleep for short periods.

a __________ ____________ is characterized by a sudden arousal from sleep and intense fear

night terror

after going through stages 1-4, sleepers drift up through the sleep stages toward wakefulness, but instead of reentering stage 1, they enter a different form of sleep called ___ ___ movement.

rapid eye

believes that individuals with autism lack the theory of mind mechanism

simon baron-cohen

_________ is the formal term for sleepwalking

somnambulism

characterized by theta waves

stage N1

when a person is just dozing off and starting to fall asleep; may include sudden muscle movements or the sensation of falling

stage N1

no longer consciously aware of the environment; an Egg will show sleep spindles

stage N2

characterized by delta wave patterns in an EEG and is considered our deepest sleep

stage N3

an active stage of sleep characterized by REM and fast wave patterns in an EEG

stage R

what is the active stage of sleep during which dreaming occurs?

stage R (REM sleep)

a person is awake and their EEG patterns include beta and alpha waves

stage W

Meredith always has a cup of coffee as soon as she wakes up. She usually has several more cups throughout the day. If she misses one in the afternoon, she gets a headache. Meredith's headache is likely due to:

stimulant use/abuse

a person who wakes suddenly from non-REM sleep and has feelings of extreme fear and panic and heightened physiological arousal has likely experienced a night ___.

terror

Jerry, who is a fairly conservative person, stopped at a bar on the way home from work to have a couple of drinks with his friends. On the way home, he suddenly pulls into a retail store and buys a new 60 inch wide screen TV. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for his behavior?

the alcohol in the drinks reduced his inhibitions and impulse control

tolerance

the first time someone takes 5 milligrams of the tranquilizer Valium, the person feels very relaxed. However, after taking the pill every day for six months, the individual may need to consume twice as much to achieve the same calming effect. example of?

tolerance

the need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect

physical dependence

the physiological need for a drug that causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms such as physical pain and a craving for the drug when it is discontinued.

what is the phrase developmentalists commonly use to refer to individuals' understanding that they and others think, feel, perceive and have private experiences?

theory of mind