Chapter 5 PSYC 2013

Which of the following are the major principles of signal detection theory?

Correct -Detection is based on a signal presented among distractions. -Response bias affects detection of a signal in ambiguous situations. -Sensory detection is subjective. incorrect -Sensory detection is objective. -Signal detection is not a matter of judgment.

According to the opponent-process theory, red and green are opponent colors. The ganglion cell in the figure fires in response to incoming red light. Drag the labels into place to describe how the retinal cones and the ganglion cell respond to red and green light stimuli. (The cones for blue light are not shown.)

Red light -> L cones, excites green light -> M cones, inhibits

Match the signal detection terms with their corresponding examples.

- miss : Talking on her cell phone, Janet doesn't hear the thunder. - hit : Guillermo sees a lightning bolt in the distant sky. - false alarm : Basilio thought he heard thunder, but there was none. - correct rejection : Isabel correctly noticed that there was no thunder during the lightning storm.

Put the sensation and perception processes in order, from the time a rainbow first appears to when it is perceived by the brain.

1) A rainbow in the sky 2) Rods and cones detect the rainbow 3) Transduction takes place in the rods and cones 4) Neural impluses are sent through the optic nerve to the brain 5) The thalamus relays neural impluses to the occipital lobe 6) Cells in the occipital lobe are activated, allowing someone to recognize a rainbow in the sky

Depth perception that uses both eyes relies on (Blank): the difference between the two retinal images of a single scene. This type of depth perception is most important for objects close to us. For images that are far from us, on the other hand, we rely on (Blank). These include occlusion and (Blank)

binocular disparity monocular depth cues texture gradients

red-green color blindness

caused by lack of one of the retinal photopigments sensitive to medium or long wavelengths of visible light

blue-yellow color blindness

caused by lack of the retinal photopigment sensitive to short wavelengths of visible light

Noise-induced hearing loss is typically caused by damage to the (Blank). The damage is due to a combination of loudness and (Blank)

cochlear hair cells exposure time

Brad damaged some of the sensory receptors in his visual system. Which of the following was damaged? a) cornea b) lens c)ganglions d) cones

d) cones

A region of the ________________ in the right hemisphere shows heightened activity levels when a person perceives upright faces.

fusiform gyrus

yellow-green color blindness red-blue color blindness

not an actual type of color blindness

Identify each description as an example of either a perceptual illusion or perceptual object constancy.

object constancy -In viewing snow at night and a tire in bright light, we naturally see the snow and the tire as having different colors, even if the two retinal images are produced by light of the same intensity and mix of wavelengths. -The brain perceives a tabletop to be of constant size and shape even though the dimensions of the retinal image depend on the distance and angle from which the table is viewed. illusion - Standing in an Ames box, two twins appear to an observer to have very different heights. - We perceive movies as depicting motion rather than presenting a series of still images.

Match the qualities with either place coding or temporal coding.

place coding -based on the location of basilar membrane hair cells that fire -used for coding high-pitched sounds temporal coding -based on firing rates of cochlear hair cells -used for coding low-pitched sounds

Two-year-old Mikhail has no trouble recognizing people's voices but seems to have difficulty recognizing faces. However, the boy has no problem recognizing inanimate objects on sight and, for example, distinguishing his favorite toys from other toys. Confused and concerned, the parents take the child to a pediatrician. What condition might the doctor suspect?

prosopagnosia

Unlike vision and taste, the sense of smell is not processed (blank). Also, whereas vision and taste each involve a known small number of receptor types, there appear to be many (Blank) receptor types, each responding to specific scent-molecules, called (Blank). It is, however, unlikely that there is a unique receptor type for each odor, since research suggests that humans can distinguish more than a (Blank) different scents

through the thalamus olfactory odorants trillion

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the deficits of someone with prosopagnosia?

"i see faces, but I can never be sure of the identity of a person based on his or her face"

Match the terms with their corresponding examples.

- amplitude : Makeda speaks loudly. - vestibular sense : Andrew gets carsick - frequency : Bakari sings off-key

Match the monocular depth cues with their descriptions.

- linear perspective : Lines that are parallel appear to converge at a distance. - position relative to the horizon: The horizon is used as a point of comparison for determining the distance of an object. - relative size: Given two objects of the same size, the more distant object will project a smaller retinal image. -familiar size : A person knows the size of familiar objects and uses those cues to judge an object's distance based on the retinal images. - occlusion: A closer object will block the view of distant objects.

Match the terms with their definitions

- perception : interpretation of sensory input - sensation : detection of sensory input - bottom-up processing : perception based on physical aspects of a stimulus - top-down processing : perception based on previous learning and context - transduction : changing sensory stimlui into brain signals

Match the ways in which our brain perceives object constancy with the examples.

- shape : Though she is looking at the open cupboard door at an angle, Angela recognizes the cupboard. - size : Malik sees his friend as 6 feet tall, though his friend is far away. - lightness : Varun, looking at his glass table, knows the sides in the shade and the sun are the same, even though the side in the sun looks brighter. - color : Sukie knows her car is red even though it looks dark brown at night.

Match the terms about color vision with their descriptions.

- trichromatic theory :three cones for different colors - hue : dominant wavelength - opponent-processw theory: excitation and inhibition of ganglion cells - lightness: a color's percieved intensity - saturation : purity of wavelength

Match the food or drink with the basic taste sensation it is most likely to stimulate.

- umami : meat - salty : potato chips - sweet : chocolate candy - sour : a green apple - bitter : day-old black coffee

Place in order the steps involved for pain to be picked up by receptors in the skin and sent to the brain.

1) An object touches the skin's surface 2) temperature and pressure receptors in hair follicles and skin transmit a nerve signal 3) The signal travels up the spinal cord (for touch below the neck) or 5th cranial nerve (for touch above the neck) 4)The signal reaches the thalamus 5) The signal is relayed to the primary somatosensory cortex

Place in order the steps involved for flavors on the tongue to create a perception in the brain.

1) Chemical substances in food dissolve in saliva. 2) Taste receptors are stimulated. 3) Signals are sent to the thalamus by facial nerve. 4) Gustatory cortex processes taste perception.

Place in order the steps involved for sound waves to create a perception of the sound in the brain.

1) Sound waves enter the auditory canal. 2) The eardrums vibrate. 3) The hammer, anvil, and stirrup transfer vibration to the oval window. 4) Pressure waves of the cochlea move the basilar membrane. 5)Stimulated hair cells sends information to the auditory nerve. 6) Auditory nerve carries information to the thalamus. 7) Thalamus directs information to the brain's primary auditory cortex.

Put the steps in order for an external signal to be recognized and perceived by the brain.

1) The physical sign occurs 2) Sensory receptors detect the physical signal 3) Physical signal is transduced to electrical signals 4) The thalamus relays signals to the appropriate cortical regions 5) Sensory areas in the brain interpret the external signal.

Place in order the steps involved for scents to enter the nose and create a perception in the brain.

1) odorant chemicals enter the nose and nasal passage 2) odorants are sensed by the olfactory receptors in the olfactory epithlium 3) The olfactory receptors send neural signals to the olfactory bulb in the frontal cortex 4) The olfactory bulb transmits signals to the prefrontal cortex and amygdala

Based on cultural differences in figure and ground perceptions, match the aspects of a painting that art students from Europe and art students from Japan would pay attention to.

art student from Europe -what a woman in the foreground is doing -the way a tree in the center has been painted art student from Japan -the color of buildings in the background -the mood the sky gives the painting

What part of your body is responsible for transducing pressure waves into signals that can eventually be perceived as a high-pitched tone? a) auditory nerve b) cochela c) auditory cortex d) hair cells

b) cochela

Light enters the eye by first passing through the (Blank), then continues through the pupil and lens on its way to the retina at the back of the eye. The pupil's (Blank) is controlled by the (Blank). The pupil (Blank) to let more light into the eye, and contracts to let less light in. The lens changes (Blank) to bring the image on the retina into focus.

cornea size iris dilates shape

According to the gate control theory of pain, what causes the gate at the spinal cord to be open or closed, allowing or blocking pain signals to the brain?

open -thinking about pain -being poorly rested -being depressed close -being in a good mood -listening to music -being intensely focused on a task -rubbing an aching muscle -scratching an itch

You are watching Dancing with the Stars. A short, heavy female contestant and her professional dance partner—a tall, thin male—are holding each other close and waltzing together. Which of the following grouping principles is likely to help you perceptually group the two dancers together? a) illusory contours b) similarity c) proximity d) continuity

proximity

Match the examples with their corresponding types of touch or pain perception.

- bee sting : sharp, fast haptic pain - spider walking on arm : tactile stimulation - professional chef walking quickly through her kitchen : kinesthetic sense - bruised arm: dull, slow haptic pain

Match each binocular depth cue with its correct description.

- binocular disparity : Each eye sees an object slightly differently, and the brain uses these two overlapping views to compute the distance to the object. - convergence : The brain knows how far inward the eye muscles turn the eyes to look at a nearby object.

Match the terms about hearing with their meanings

- frequency: pitch - hair cells : auditory receptor cells - hertz : frequency measurement - temporal lobe : location of primary auditory cortex - amplitude : loudness

Shaun's parents decorate their home each winter with a long string of white lights. When turned on, it appears as though one point of light is moving down the string, constantly circling the house. This apparent perception of movement is due to the motion illusion known as ______. A.binocular disparity B.stroboscopic motion C.linear perspective D.motion aftereffect

B

When Shane was born, his parents realized that he could not hear. They took Shane to the doctor and were told that there was no conduction of sound waves by the bones of Shane's middle ear. In other words, Shaun's _____ were not functioning. a) eardrums b) auditory nerves c) ossicles d) hair cells

C. ossicles

One kind of sensation threshold, called (blank) threshold, corresponds to a stimulus just strong enough to be detectable (Blank). Another kind of threshold, called, (Blank) threshold, corresponds to two stimuli just different enough for the difference to be noticeable. According to (Blank), that just noticeable difference is based on the proportional strengths of the two stimuli.

an absolute half the time a difference Weber's law

Abram cut his finger while filming a cooking show. Though he did not experience much pain during filming, afterward his finger bothered him quite a bit. Identify the following statements about Abram's pain as either true or false.

Correct: - During filming, pain signals traveling on thin nerves from Abram's hand were blocked at the spinal cord by thicker nerves. - Later, the dull pain acted as a reminder to keep Abram from using his finger while it healed. - During filming, his pain "gate" was closed. - Information about the pain in his finger was sent to the brain using slow fibers. incorrect: -During filming, his nerves did not transmit pain from his finger. - Information about the pain in his finger was sent to the brain using myelinated axons after the filming.

Cyra likes listening to music before going to sleep, but she gets in trouble if her parents catch her playing music after 10:00 PM. Cyra knows that she can get away with it so long as her parents can't hear the music. But even when the music is playing very softly, her parents can detect the music 75 percent of the time. The point at which Cyra has the volume set is __________. a) allowing her parents to show correct rejection b) showing her parents' sensory adaptation c) above her parents' absolute threshold d) revealing her parents' difference threshold

D) revealing her parents' different threshold

Identify each example of visual perception as involving either rods or cones in the retina.

Rods -Out of the corner of his eye, a boy sees a white cat sleeping on the floor of a darkened room. -A hiker navigates the trail back to her campsite in near-total darkness. Cones -A tattoo artist looks closely at a sketch as she copies the image onto her client's arm. -A truck driver notices that the traffic light ahead of him has turned yellow.

Identify each scenario as an example of either top-down or bottom-up processing.

Top-Down -A shopper guesses that the exact color of a faraway purse is emerald, because emerald is this year's trendy shade of green. -An athlete attributes leg pain to a pulled muscle, based on the circumstances under which the pain first appeared. Bottom-Up -A wine taster identifies a wine based on its color, "legs" (visible surface tension), "nose" (aroma), taste, and mouthfeel. -A flight attendant recognizes a friend at the airport by the friend's distinctive clothing and manner of walk.

The fusiform gyrus is a region in the brain that performs a highly specialized function. Identify the following statements about this brain region as either true or false.

True - It responds to human faces. - It is part of the "what" stream. - It is in the right hemisphere. False - It is part of the "where" stream. - It is in the left hemisphere. - It responds to geometric shapes. - It responds to motion.

Identify the following statements about pheromones as either true or false.

True -Pheromones are processed by specialized receptors in the nasal cavity. -Pheromones trigger behavioral changes in animals. False -Pheromones play a major role in sexual signaling in humans. -Someone who is releasing pheromones gives off a specific odor.

Brian doesn't mind if he misses a call from his parents. But when he is expecting a call from his date, he is sure to check his phone if there is even the slightest feeling of it vibrating. Signal detection theory can explain this based on Brian having a different ______ for calls from his date than for calls from his parents. a) absolute threshold b) difference threshold c) response bias d) signal sensitivity

response bias??

After suffering a large bruise from a somewhat wild game of Twister, Rachel feels a throbbing pain in her leg. This dull pain was most likely carried by ______. a) fast fibers b) warm receptors c) slow fibers d) cold receptors

slow fibers

Doug was born with a malfunctioning thalamus. Most of his sensory experiences, sadly, will be impaired, but not his sense of ______. a) hearing b) smell c) vision d) taste

smell

being aware of an object sitting on a table by relying on visual (Blank) is a form of processing called (Blank). However, our visual experience also involves (Blank) processing: The colors and shapes we see, or think we see, are influenced by our knowledge and expectations.

stimuli bottom-up top-down

Read the following paragraph:Aoccdrnigto rscheearchat CmabrigdeUinervtisy, it deosn'tmttaerin wahtoredrthe ltteersin a wrodare, the olnyiprmoetnttihngis tahtthe fristand lsatltteerbe at the rghitpclae. The rsetcan be a total msesand you can sitllraedit wouthitporbelm.The fact that you could read this paragraph is most likely due to ______. A.top-down processing B.continuity C.bottom-up processing D.occlusion

top down

We find it rather difficult to recognize inverted faces because inversion changes the relationships among individual facial features.

true

Match the optical illusions with the reasons why they occur.

- Ames box : Linear perspective is manipulated, using crooked windows and floor tiles, to cause the illusion that one person (standing near small tiles and windows) is much farther away than another (standing near large tiles and windows). - Motion aftereffects : Direction-specific neurons become fatigued after you look at something moving in one direction for a while, so when you look away, motion detectors for all other directions are more active. - Stroboscopic movement : When slightly different images are presented in rapid succession, the brain interprets this as motion. - Ponzo illusion : Two lines that move toward each other appear to be parallel and are receding into the distance; therefore, a line that is higher on the figure (i.e. more "distant") must be larger than an equally long line that is lower on the figure (i.e. "closer").

Match the psychophysics terms with the corresponding examples.

- difference threshold : Nina samples the tomato sauce she is making and her mother's leftover sauce. She adds more basil until it tastes like her mother's sauce. - absolute threshold : Diego can hear music on his iPod 50 percent of the time when it is on the lowest setting. - signal detection theory : Layla hopes to see a shooting star tonight. Her chances will depend on whether a shooting star is present (or whether a meteor shower occurs), whether the sky is clear, and whether she would be able to judge the presence of a shooting star as it passes. - sensory adaptaion : Carmen has lived near the windmill for over two months and is no longer bothered by the sound it makes.

Match the Gestalt perceptual grouping rule with the corresponding example.

- illusory contours : A person imposes depth cues and contours on one-dimensional objects. - continuity : A person sees an object as a whole even when part of it is hidden behind another object. - closure : A person completes figures that have gaps. - proximity : A person groups together objects that are near one another. - similarity : A person groups together objects that look the same.

When Sasha eats a watermelon, many steps are involved for her brain to interpret what her taste receptors pick up. Match the terms with their examples from this scenario.

- perception : The food tastes like watermelon. - bottom-up processing : In a blind tasting, Sasha assumes the food is a watermelon based on its texture, water content, and taste. - sensation : Molecules of food stimulate receptors on her tongue. - top-down processing : Sasha assumes that the fruit served at the barbecue is watermelon, since she has had watermelon in this context in the past. - transduction : Cells in her taste buds send neural signals to the brain.

Seung sees an object. Match the object's location with the part or parts of his visual cortex where the image of the object is registered.

- the right side of the visual cortex only = to the Seung's left, visible to both eyes = to the Seung's left, visible only to the left eye - both the left and right sides of the visual cortex - the left side of the visual cortex only =to the Seung's right, visible to both eyes =to the Seung's right, visible only to the right eye

Match the types of stimuli with the sensory receptors in which transduction takes place.

- vision : rods and cones - touch : ends of receptor neurons in the skin - taste : recepor cells on the tounge - auditory : hair cells in the cochela - smell : olfactory mucous neurons

Complete the research findings about recognizing faces.

- women : We are faster to recognize happiness in the faces of ... - men : We are faster to recognize anger in the faces of ... - nobody : Someone with prosopagnosia will recognize the faces of ... - people from our own ethnic group : We are faster to recognize faces of ...

Rebecca notices a person driving erratically at night. She calls the police and describes the car as dark brown with four doors. When the driver is stopped, the police see that the car is red with two doors. For which of the following reasons did Rebecca mistake the car's color and details?

Correct: - Rebecca was using her rods to look at the car - Cones decode color and details incorrect: - Rods decode color and are not active in the dark. - Cones are active in the dark, allowing Rebecca to see the car.

Which of the following facts support the trichromatic theory of color vision?

Correct: -We can create yellow light by combining red light and green light in equal amounts. -People who are color blind are missing a photopigment sensitive to specific wavelengths of light (long or short). - The eye contains three types of cone cells, activated by short, medium, and long wavelengths. Incorrect - After staring at a yellow spot, a person sees a blue afterimage.

Dale is worried about the security in the building where his company is housed. He wants the security force to increase its screening of people who are potential "threats." To put this in terms of signal detection theory, Dale thinks that security should ______ their response criterion, which will reduce the number of ______ of security threats. a) increase; misses b) increase; false alarms c) decrease; misses d) decrease; false alarms

a) increase; misses

Identify the ways in which cochlear implants work to enable a person with severe hearing loss to hear.

correct - Sound is picked up by a small microphone placed behind a person's ears. -Sound from the microphone is processed by a computer and then transmitted via electrodes. -Electrodes implanted in the cochlea directly stimulate the auditory nerve. incorrect -The cochlear implant amplifies sound until the person can hear. -When sound is amplified to a level the person can hear, it is then passed through the outer, middle, and inner ear.

Which of the following factors affect how much a person likes a certain food?

correct - taste of food -culture -number of taste receptors -texture of food -smell of food incorrect - tastebuds only

If Marcus hears his cell phone ring, even in his noisy dorm, which of the following are expected outcomes, according to signal detection theory?

correct -He often thinks his phone is ringing when it is not. -He has a response bias toward believing his phone is ringing. -His stakes for missing a phone call are higher than the stakes for a false alarm. incorrect -He has many correct rejections.

People who experience especially intense taste sensations are called supertasters. Identify the following statements about supertasters as either true or false.

correct -Supertasters tend to have more taste buds than the average person. -Supertasters are genetically different from other people. - Women are more likely than men to be supertasters. incorrect -Supertasters tend to weigh more than the average person. -Supertasters tend to like bitter substances. -About 10% of the population are considered supertasters.

Which of the following cues contribute to binocular depth perception?

correct -binocular disparity -convergence incorrect -pictorial depth cues

A distressed air traffic controller almost fails to notice two airplanes in the same airspace For his job, where the cost of making an error is so high, which of the following decision biases must the air traffic controller show?

correct -high false alarm rate - high hit rate incorrect - low hit rate -high miss rate

If a man smells something but does not know what it is, which of the following would be expected reactions?

correct: - The smell might evoke an emotion or a memory if it is familiar. - He will be able to say if it is pleasant or unpleasant. - He might have better luck knowing what the smell is if he asks a woman. incorrect: -He will likely be able to identify it by name.

In a study, pregnant women were instructed to drink carrot juice for two months before their babies were born, two months after their babies were born, both, or neither. Babies whose mothers drank carrot juice before and/or after birth preferred the taste of carrot juice more than those whose mothers did not drink carrot juice. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from this study?

correct: -Babies are familiar with the foods their mothers ATE before they were born. -Babies prefer familiar tastes. -Babies are familiar with the foods their mothers EAT after they are born. incorrect: - A baby whose mother drinks carrot juice after the baby is born, but not before, will not like carrot juice.

It can be difficult, especially for someone with partial hearing loss, to understand someone speaking rapidly in a low, soft voice. Which of the following auditory characteristics are associated with sound waves for low, quiet voices?

correct: -low frequency -low amplitude incorrect - vestibular

During a game of Marco Polo, one swimmer closes her eyes and calls out "Marco!" The other players respond by saying "Polo!" The person with her eyes shut then tries to locate and tag the other players. Which of the following cues does her brain use to locate where the sounds of the other players are coming from?

correct: -the time the sound arrives at each ear - the intensity of the sound in each ear incorrect: - place coding

Felicia is recovering from surgery on a shattered ankle. Which of the following methods of decreasing pain would be effective?

correct: -visualizing the burning sensation as being pleasant, like a sauna -watching a funny movie -playing relaxing music -reading an engaging book incorrect: -visualizing a high level of pain -thinking constantly about the pain

Which of the following perceptual constancies does the brain recognize, despite the angle, distance, or illumination of how the object is viewed? color, movement, size, shape, lightness

correct: color, shape, size, lightness incorrect: movement

Which of the following are the basic taste sensations? hot, umami, spicy, bitter, sweet, sour, salty, disgusting,

correct: umami, salty, sour, bitter, sweet, incorrect: disgusting, hot, spicy

Marysol listens to high-pitched rock music with earbuds at loud volumes for extended periods of time. If she continues this, she is likely to cause damage to her _____ at the base of the basilar membrane by the oval window, which means that she may no longer be able to hear _____ a) hair cells; high-frequency sounds b) auditory nerve; high-frequency sounds c) hair cells; very low-frequency sounds d) auditory nerve; very low-frequency sounds

hair cells; high-frequency sounds

Identify each type of sensation as a function of either the haptic sense or the kinesthetic sense.

haptic -sensations of hot and cold -pain sensations -the sensation of pressure on the skin kinesthetic -sensations of bodily joint positions and motions

When Mrs. Rodriguez has trouble hearing a student's question, she uses her hand to bend her ear toward the student in order to better funnel sound waves into her auditory canal. Mrs. Rodriguez is able to hear better by doing this because she is bending her a) hair cells b) outer ear c) ossicles d) middle ear

outer ear??

Light stimuli that hit the (*Blank*) of the retina are relayed to the (*Blank*). The axons of these cells, bundled together, form the optic nerve. Where the optic nerve exits the back of the (*Blank*), there are no rods or cones. This spot is called the (*blank*); it normally goes unnoticed because the brain fills in the missing visual information.

rods and cones retinal ganglion cells retina blind spot